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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



LATIN LESSONS 



BY 
EDMUND BURKE 

AND 

HOMER C. NEWTON 



Instructors in Latin in the College of the 
City of New York 



GINN & COMPANY • PRO- 
PRIETORS . BOSTON . U.S.A. 



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<?h 



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■^?^* 



OCT I 1906 
loUSsA XXa.N«i 

oonrB 



Copyright, 1905, igo6, by 
Edmund Burke and Homer C. Newton 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 



56.9 



PREFACE 

This book has been prepared because of what the authors 
believe to be an increasing desire for a lesson book for parallel 
use with a Latin grammar. 

The various divisions of the subject-matter are taken up in 
the order in which they are given in the grammars, and each 
division is completed before a new one is introduced. Only 
a few simple syntactical principles are given in the lessons on 
etymology. The vocabularies are made up almost entirely from 
the words most frequently used by Caesar. A few words con- 
stantly employed by Cicero in his Orations have been inserted. 

It is not intended that each lesson shall occupy one recita- 
tion period, but, as the lessons have been equalized as far as 
possible, the average class should find no difficulty in progress- 
ing at the rate, of a lesson every two periods. It is suggested 
that the grammar lesson, and perhaps the vocabulary, be given 
on one day, and that the next day be devoted to the exercises 
and review of the grammatical references. 

The authors desire to express their obligations to Professor 
August Rupp for assistance in the preparation of this book, 
and to their other colleagues for numerous suggestions and 
criticisms. Especial acknowledgment is due to Professor 
Charles G. Herbermann for his unfailing encouragement and 
watchful oversight and advice in the work. 

E. B. 

H. C. N. 

College of the City of New York 
September, 1906 



CONTENTS 

Page 

Introductory. Alphabet, Pronunciation, etc i 

Lesson 

I. First Declension i 

II. First Declension, Continued. — Present Indicative Active 

of First Conjugation 2 

III. Second Declension : Masculine Nouns 3 

IV. Second Declension: Neuter Nouns. — Present Indicative 

of Sum 4 

V. Adjectives of First and Second Declensions 5 

VI. Third Declension : Mute Stems 6 

VII. Third Declension: Liquid and Nasal Stems. — Present 

Indicative Active of Second Conjugation 7 

VIII. Third Declension : Vov^'el Stems 8 

IX. Adjectives of Third Declension 9 

X. Fourth Declension. — Present Indicative Active of Third 

Conjugation 10 

XL Fifth Declension. — Adjectives with Genitive in -ius . . 11 

XII. Review of Declensions of Nouns and Adjectives ... 12 

XIII. Comparison of Adjectives : Regular 13 

XIV. Comparison of Adjectives: Irregular. — Present Indica- 

tive Active of Fourth Conjugation 14 

XV. Adverbs: Formation and Comparison 15 

XVI. Numerals 16 

XVII. Prepositions and Conjunctions. — Questions 17 

XVIII. Pronouns: Personal, Reflexive, Possessive 19 

XIX. Pronouns: Demonstrative 20 

XX. Pronouns: Intensive, Relative 21 

XXL Pronouns : Interrogative, Indefinite 22 

XXIL Conjugation of Verb Sum: Indicative 23 

XXIII. Conjugation of Verb Sum : Complete 24 

XXIV. First Conjugation : Active, Indicative 25 

XXV. First Conjugation : Active, Complete 26 



vi LATIN LESSONS 

Lesson Pack 

XXVI. First Conjugation : Passive, Indicative 27 

XXVII. First Conjugation : Passive, Complete 28 

XXVIII. Second Conjugation : Active 29 

XXIX. Second Conjugation : Passive 30 

XXX. Third Conjugation : Active, Indicative 31 

XXXI. Third Conjugation: Active, Complete 33 

XXXII. Third Conjugation : Passive, Indicative 34 

XXXIII. Third Conjugation : Passive, Complete 35 

XXXIV. Fourth Conjugation : Active 36 

XXXV. Fourth Conjugation : Passive 38 

XXXVI. Verbs in -io of Third Conjugation: Active .... 39 

XXXVII. Verbs in -16 of Third Conjugation: Passive .... 40 

XXXVIII. Deponent Verbs : First and Second Conjugations . . 41 

XXXIX. Deponent Verbs : Third and Fourth Conjugations . 42 

XL. Periphrastic Conjugations 43 

XLI. Irregular Verbs : Possum, Fero 44 

XLII. Irregular Verbs : V0I6, Nolo, Malo . 45 

XLIII. Irregular Verbs : E6, Fio 46 

XLIV. Defective and Impersonal Verbs 47 

XLV. Syntax of Adjectives and Pronouns. — Reading Selec- 
tion : Foundation of Rome 48 

XLVI. Agreement of Nouns. — Syntax of Nominative and 

Vocative 49 

XLVII. Syntax of Genitive 50 

XLVIII. Syntax of Genitive, Continued. — Reading Selection: 

Sulla and Marius 51 

XLIX. Syntax of Dative 52 

L. Syntax of Dative, Continued 53 

LI. Syntax of Accusative. — Reading Selection : Aeneas . 54 

LII. Syntax of Ablative 55 

LIIL Syntax of Ablative, Continued 56 

LIV. Syntax of Ablative, Continued : Ablative Absolute. — 

Reading Selection : Conspiracy of Catiline ... 57 

LV. Constructions of Time and Place 58 

LVI. Subjunctive in Independent Sentences 59 

LVII. Sequence of Tenses. — Clauses of Purpose. — Read- 
ing Selection : Hannibal 60 

LVIII. Clauses of Result. — Clauses of Characteristic ... 62 



CONTENTS vii 

Lesson Page 

LIX. Substantive Clauses. — Clauses with Quin and Quominus . 63 
LX. Causal Clauses. — Reading Selection: Pompey subdues 

the Pirates and Mithridates 64 

LXI. Concessive Clauses. — Clauses of Proviso 65 

LXII. Temporal Clauses 66 

LXIII. Conditional Clauses. — Reading Selection: Caesar's Con- 
quest of Gaul 67 

LXIV. Indirect Questions. — The Infinitive 68 

LXV. Indirect Discourse 70 

LX VI. Indirect Discourse, Continued. — Reading Selection : 

Assassination of Caesar 71 

LXVII. Participles. — Gerundive. — Gerund. — Supine . . . . 72 

Selections from Roman History 75 

Caesar's Gallic War, Book I, Chapters I-XII 85 

Notes on Selections from Roman History 93 

Notes on Caesar's Gallic War, Book I, Chapters I-XII .... 100 

Latin-English Vocabulary 105 

English-Latin Vocabulary 131 



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 



abl. 


ablative 


N. 


neuter 


abs. 


absolute 


nom. 


nominative 


ace. 


accusative 


obj. 


object, objective 


act. 


active 


p., pp. 


page, pages 


adj. 


adjective 


part. 


participle (in vocab.) 


adv. 


adverb 


part. 


partitive 


comp. 


comparative 


pass. 


passive 


conj. 


conjugation 


perf. 


perfect 


dat. 


dative 


pi. 


plural 


def., defect. 


defective 


pluperf. 


pluperfect 


dep. 


depending 


pred. 


predicate 


disc. 


discourse 


prep. 


preposition 


ed. 


edition 


pres. 


present 


F., fern. 


feminine 


pron. 


pronoun 


fut. 


future 


ref. 


reference 


gen. 


genitive 


rel. 


relative 


i.e. 


id est, that is 


semi-dep. 


semi-deponent 


imperf. 


imperfect 


sing. 


singular 


impers. 


impersonal 


spec. 


specification 


ind. 


indirect 


subj. 


subjunctive 


indecl. 


indeclinable 


subord. 


subordinate 


indef. 


indefinite 


sup. 


superlative 


infin. 


infinitive 


vocab. 


vocabulary 


interrog. 


interrogative 


(I) 


first conjugation 


intrans. 


intransitive 


(2) 


second conjugation 


lit. 


literally- 


(3) 


third conjugation 


loc. 


locative 


(4) 


fourth conjugation 


M., masc. 


masculine 







LATIN LESSONS 



INTRODUCTORY 

Alphabet, Pronunciation, Etc. 

References are to Allen ^ Greenougk'' s Latin Grammar 

(New ed.) Alphabet, §§ i, ^; 2; Syllables, § 7, ^, <5; Pronunciation, 
§ 8; Quantity and Accent, §§ 9 ; 10; 11, a^ b, c\ 12; Parts of Speech, 
§ 20; Inflection, §§ 21, «; 22; 23; 24; Gender, § 29; Number and Case, 
§ 35, a, b, c, d,e,f\ Declension, §§ y] \ 38, a, b, e, 

(Old ed.) Alphabet, p. i, Alphabet ; §§ i, d! ; 4 ; 5 ; Syllables, § 14, a;, ^ ; 
Pronunciation, § 16; Quantity and Accent, §§ 18, d^ e \ ig^ a^ b\ Parts of 
Speech, § 25 ; Inflection, §§ 20, a; ; 26 ; 27 ; 21 ; Gender, § 28 ; Number and 
Case, § 31, fl!, ^, ^, ^, e^f\ Declension, §§ 32; ^Z^ a, by e. 

LESSON I 

First Declension 

(New) §§ 40; 41, ^ ; 42 ; 339; 283 ; 284. 
(Old) §§35; 173,1; 176, a, b; 185. 

VOCABULARY 

aqua, ae, f., water. nauta, ae, m., sailor. 

Belgae, arum, m. pi., Belgians. porta, ae, f., gate. 

est, he {she^ it., there) is. regina, ae, f., queen. 

et, and. Roma, ae, f., Rome. 

Gallia, ae, f., Gaul. terra, ae, f., land., country. 

in, prep, with abl., in., on. victoria, ae, f., victory. 

EXERCISES 

I. Portarum. 2. Belgis. 3. Nautam. 4. Victoria. 5. Aqua 
et terra. 6. Portas Romae. 7. Regina est in Gallia. 8. Victo- 
riae Belgarum. 9. Gallia est terra. 10. Nauta est in aqua. 



2 LATIN LESSONS 

I. By victories. 2. Of the queens. 3. The gates. 4. To 
the countries. 5. Rome and Gaul. 6. There is water in GauL 
7. In the land of the Belgians. 8. Of the sailor's victories. 



LESSON II 

First Declension, Continued. — Present Indicative 
Active of First Conjugation 

(New) §§ 41 (review); 35 h\ 43 r ; 171; 184 (Pres. Indie. Act. of amo); 

316; Z^l- 

(Old) §§ 35 (review); 31 /^; 36 c\ 122, « ; p. 92 (Pres. Indie. Act. of amo); 

§§ 204^; 237. 

VOCABULARY 

Athenae, arum, f. pi., Athens. Minerva, ae, f., Minerva. 

copia, ae, f., plenty; pi. copiae, non, not. 

arum, forces. niintio (i), report. 

dea, ae, f., goddess. pecunia, ae, f., money. 

do, give. Sulla, ae, m., Sulla. 

filia, ae, f., daughter. voco (i), call. 
laudo (i), praise. 

EXERCISES 

I. Portae Athenarum. 2. Laudamus. 3. Copiam aquae. 
4. Minerva est dea. 5. Filiarum reginae. 6. Victorias nuntia- 
tis.^ 7. Sulla est Athenis. 8. Regina filiam non vocat. 9. Co- 
pias Belgarum laudant. 10. Nauta filiae^ pecuniam dat. 

I. You call. 2. To the forces of Sulla. 3. Of the goddesses. 
4. I do not give money to the sailors. 5. The Belgians praise 

1 The verb usually stands last in Latin. 

2 To his daughter. The possessive pronouns his^ her, etc., are fre- 
quently omitted in Latin, and in translating should be supplied if needed. 



SECOND DECLENSION: MASCULINE NOUNS 3 

the country. 6. There is plenty of money at Rome. 7. The 
queen praises (her)^ daughters. 8. We report the victory 
to Sulla. 

LESSON III 

Second Declension : Masculine Nouns 

(New) §§ 45 ; 46 (servus); 47; 48 ; 281; 282. 
(Old) §§ 38 (servus, puer, ager, vir); 39 ; 183 ; 184. 

VOCABULARY 

ager, agri, m., field. puer, pueri, m., boy. 

Labienus, i, M., Labienus^ a lieu- Romani, orum, m. pL, Romans. 

tenant of Caesar. servo (i), guards protect. 

legatus, i, m., ambassador; lieu- silva, ae, y.^ forest. 

tenant. socius, i, M., ally. 

occup5 (i), occupy^ seize. vasto (i), lay waste. 

populus, i, "^.^ people. vir, viri, m., man. 

EXERCISES 

I. Vir puerum vocat. 2. Romani agros vastant. 3. Socios 
Romanorum laudatis. 4. CopiaeSullae portas servant. 5. Socii 
silvas Galliae occupant. 6. Populus Labienum legatum laudat. 
7. Legatus populo victoriam nuntiat. 8. Labienus non est in 
silvis Belgarum. 

I. The men guard the queen. 2. They give money to the 
boy. 3. The goddess Minerva protects the people. 4. Sulla 
gives fields to the Romans. 5. The forces of Labienus occupy 
Gaul. 6. We do not lay waste the forests of the allies. 7. The 
ambassador of the Belgians is at Rome. 8. The men and the 
boys praise the sailors, 

1 Words in parentheses are not to be translated. 



4 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON IV 

Second Declension: Neuter Nouns. — Present Indica- 
tive OF Sum 

(New) §§ 46 (bellum) ; 48; 49 di, /5; 170 (Pres. Indie, of sum); 409. 
(Old) §§ 2^^ (bellum) ; 39; 40 a, b\ p. 82 (Pres. Indie, of sum); § 248 c I. 

VOCABULARY 

ad, prep, with ace, to. gladius, i, m., sword. 

castra, orum, n. pL, camp. neco (i), kill. 

consilium, i, ^.^planj advice. oppidum, i, n., town. 

Corinthus, i, f., Corinth. porto (i), carry. 

filius, i, M., son. proelium, i, n., battle. 

frumentum, i, n., grain. via, ae, f., road. 

Present Indicative of Sum 

sum, / am. sumus, we are. 

es, thou art .^ you are. estis, j/^/^ are. 

est, he {she^ it) is. sunt, they are. 

EXERCISES 

I. Copiae in oppido sunt. 2. Estis socii. 3. Romani viam 
servant. 4. Vir gladio f ilium necat. 5. Castra sociorum Co- 
rinth! sunt. 6. Sulla Romanis proeHum nuntiat. 7. Frumentum 
ad castra portamus. 8. Regina filiis consiHum dat. 

I. We seize the roads of Gaul. 2. I am an ambassador of 
the Romans. 3. The boy carries water to the town. 4. You 
are not the son of the queen. 5. There is plenty of grain at 
Athens. 6. The allies kill the men with (their) swords. 7. The 
Romans guard the camp of Labienus, the lieutenant. 8. The 
sailors report the plans of Sulla to the allies. 



ADJECTIVES 5 

LESSON V 

Adjectives of First and Second Declensions 

(New) §§ 109, I, 2; no; in ; 112; 286. 
(Old) P. 47, Inflection; §§ 81; 82; 186. 

VOCABULARY 

./- 

bellum, i, N., war, magnus, a, um, large ^ great. 

cams, a, um, dear. multus, a, um, much; pL, many. 

cum, prep, with abl., with. parvus, a, um, small. 

finitimus, a, um, neighboring^ periculum, i, n., danger. 

near. pugno (\\ fight. 

jalli, orum, m. pi., Gauls. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beau- 

liber, libera, liberamj/ree. tiful. 

EXERCISES 

I. Filii Romanorum liberi sunt. 2. Silvae Galliae pulchrae 
sunt. 3. Roma cara est Romanis. 4. Perlcula belli multa et 
magna sunt. 5. Galli cum Romanis pugnant. 6. Belgae et 
socil agros finitimos occupant. 7. Parvus reginae filius in 
magno periculo est. 8. Oppida Gallorum finitima sunt agris 
sociorum. 

I. The Gauls are free. 2. There are many roads in Gaul. 
3. The queen is dear to the people. 4. We kill many men in 
war. 5. I report the great battle to Labienus. 6. The forces 
of Sulla guard the small town. 7. The Romans fight with the 
neighboring peoples. 8. The towns of the Gauls are large and 
beautiful. 



6 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON VI 

Third Declension : Mute Stems 

(New) §§4; 57; 59. 
(Old) §§2,^; 46. 

VOCABULARY 

custos, odis, M., guard. murus, i, m., wall. 

dux, ducis, M., leader. obses, obsidis, m., hostage. 

lex, legis, f., law. postulo (i), demand. 

libertas, atis, f., liberty. provincia, ae, f., province. 

longus, a, um, long. saepe, often. 

miles, militis, m., soldier. virtus, utis, f., virtue^ valor. 

EXERCISES 

I. Miles custodem necat. 2. Belgae Labieno obsides dant. 
3. Milites cum Gallis saepe pugnant. 4. Nauta multam pecii- 
niam postulat. 5. Romanis libertatem et leges dat. 6. Socii 
frumentum ad provinciam portant. 7. Milites longos Athena- 
rum muros servant. 8. Magnam virtutem ducis populo 
nuntias. 

I. Liberty is dear to the Gauls. 2. We praise the laws of 
the Romans. 3. The hostages often demand liberty. 4. The 
leader of the Gauls kills many men. 5. The lieutenant praises 
the valor of the guards. 6. The road is long and the dangers 
(are) many. 7. Labienus with (his) soldiers occupies the walls 
of the town. 8. We are laying waste the fields of the neighbor- 
ing provinces. 



THIRD DECLENSION 7 

LESSON VII 

Third Declension: Liquid and Nasal Stems. — Present 
Indicative Active of Second Conjugation 

(New)§§ 4; 62; 64; 80; 84; 85; 86; S7 ; 185 (Pres. Indie. Act. of moneo). 
(Old) §§ 2, ^ ; 3 « ; 49; 62 ; 6^, a, d, c ; p. 96 (Pres. Indie. Act. of moneo). 

VOCABULARY 

bonus, a, um, £-ood. legio, legionis, f., legion. 

Caesar, aris, m., Caesar. par5 {i)^ prepare. 

Carthago, inis, f., Carthage. telum, i, n., spear., weapo7i. 

eques, equitis, m., horseman; timor, oris, m.^fear, 

pL, cavalry. ubi, where. 

flumen, fliiminis, n., river. video (2), see. 
habeo (2), have. 

EXERCISES 

I. Multa flumina in Gallia sunt. 2. Romani leges bonas 
habent. 3. Custodes legatum telis necant. 4. Magnas copias 
equitum paramus. 5. Ubi ducem mllitum vides? In castris 
video. 6. Magnus legionum timor populum occupat. 7. Dux 
sociorum multos milites Carthagini habet. 8. Parvae copiae 
Gallorum cum legionibus Caesaris pugnant. 

I. The cavalry have swords and spears. 2. We see many 
legions at Rome. 3. The Belgians and (their) allies prepare 
(for) war. 4. Caesar often gives good advice to the soldiers. 
5. The rivers of the neighboring province are not long. 6. The 
soldiers of Caesar see the camp of the Gauls. 7 . The province 
has large forests and beautiful fields. 8. The horseman reports 
the fear of the legions to Caesar. 



8 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON VIII 

Third Declension : Vowel Stems 

(New) §§ 65, I, a, b, 2; 67; 69; 71, i, 2, 3; 72 ; 74, a, b, c, d, e, 
(Old) §§ 51; 52 ; 53, a, b, c\ 54, i; 55, a, b, c, d, e. 

VOCABULARY 

auxilium, i, n., aid; pi., auxili- mare, is, n., sea. 

aries. munitio, onis, y .^ fortification, 

caedes, is, f., slaughter. oppugno (i), assault. 

civis, is, M., citizen. pars, partis, f., part. 

finis, is, m., end; pL, territory. Romanus, a, um, Roman. 

hostis, is, M., enemy ; pL, the timed {2)^ fear. 

enemy. urbs, urbis, f., city. 

EXERCISES 

I. Milites Roman! munltiones oppugnant. 2. Multi cives 
auxilium postulant. 3. Nauta magna maris pericula non timet. 
4. Ubi est legatus Romanus? Est in urbe. 5. Magna pars 
civium murum urbis servat. 6. In finibus Gallorum Caesar 
parva oppida occupat. 7. Dux cTvibus victoriam et caedem 
hostium nuntiat. 8. Hostes magnas copias Romanorum vident 
et timent. 

I. You are Roman citizens, O soldiers. 2. Good men do 
not often fear the laws. 3. The sailors fight with the enemy 
on the sea. 4. Caesar's soldiers are in the territories of the 
allies. 5. In battles the slaughter of the soldiers is often great. 
6. A part of the auxiliaries carries weapons and grain to the 
city. 7. The Roman cavalry lay waste the territory of the 
Belgians. 8. The legion assaults the city and seizes the enemy ^s 
fortifications. 



ADJECTIVES OF THIRD DECLENSION 

LESSON IX 

Adjectives of Third Declension 

(New) §§ 114, I, 2, 3, a-, 115; 116; 117; 118; 288; 49^. 
(01d)§§84,«, ^; 85, «; 188; 40/ 



VOCABULARY 



acer, acris, acre, sharp; vigorous; 

eager. 
altus, a, um, high; deep. 
celer, celeris, celere, swift. 
deus, i, M., god. 
ferox, fer6cis,yf^r^^, bold. 
gravis, e, severe ., serious. 



immortalis, e, i^nmortal. 
navis, is, f., ship. 
omnis, e, all. 

poena, ae, ¥.^ punishne^tt. 
potens, potentis, powerfuL 
teneo (2), hold. 



EXERCISES 

I. PopuliGalliae feroces sunt. 2. Dux hostium naves celeres 
habet. 3. Omnes altos Romae muros laudant. 4. Caesar omni- 
bus copiis munitiones tenet. 5. Acres milites Bullae oppidum 
oppugnant. 6. Fines occupamus et omnia vastamus. 7. Gives 
poenas graves deorum immortalium timent. 8. Equites hostium 
cum potentibus Caesaris legionibus pugnant. 



I. Carthage is a powerful city. 2. The ships of the Romans 
are swift. 3. Virtue is dear to the immortal gods. 4. In the 
Roman province there are deep rivers. 5. All the auxiliaries 
hold the camp of the enemy. 6. The punishment of the lieu- 
tenant's son is severe. 7. The Gauls fear the sharp swords of 
Caesar's cavalry. 8. The bold leaders of the Belgians do not 
give hostages to Caesar. 



lO LATIN LESSONS 



LESSON X 



Fourth Declension. — Present Indicative Active of 
Third Conjugation 

(New) §§ 88; 89; 90; 91; 93; 186 (Pres. Indie. Act. of tego). 
(Old) §§ 68 ; 69, a, b\ 70/; p. 98 (Pres. Indie. Aet. of tego). 

VOCABULARY 

commeatus, us, m., supplies, exercitus, us, m., army. 

cornu, us, N., ^^r;/y wing (pi fortis, e, brave. 

an army). iter, itineris, ^.^ journey^ inarch; road. 

defendo (3), defend. manus, us, f., handj baiid (of men). 

domus, us, F., house ^ home j mitto (3), send. 

loc. domi, at home. portus, us, m., harbor. 

duc5 (3), lead. senatus, us, m., senate. 

EXERCISES 

I. Caesar auxilium ad cornua mittit. 2. Naves hostium por- 
tum Corinthi occupant. 3. Manu equitum ferocium castra 
defendimus. 4. Socii commeatum ad exercitum Romanum 
mittunt. 5. In itinere longo multas domos pulchras video. 
6. Senatus virtutem fortium Caesaris legionum laudat. 7. Lega- 
tus omnes obsides ad Sullae castra ducit. 8. Domi et in omni- 
bus provinciis potens est Caesar. 

I. In the harbor of Carthage there are many ships. 2. The 
allies hold the wings of the Roman army. 3. The Gauls have 
plenty of suppHes in the camp. 4. The brave soldier defends 
his leader with his hands. 5. Caesar sends Labienus with a 
large army to the city. 6. The Romans lead their forces by 
long marches to the river. 7.*You are defending the senate 
and the homes of the people. 8. Labienus leads a small band 
of brave men to the town. 



FIFTH DECLENSION n 



LESSON XI 



Fifth Declension. — Adjectives with Genitive in -ius 

(New) §§ 95; 96; 97; 98, a\ 113' ^; 423. 2. 
(Old) §§72; n\ 74^; 83,^; 256,2. 



VOCABULARY 

acies, aciei, f., Ime of battle j mons, montis, m., mountain. 

army (in battle array). pauci, ae, a, pl.j/^w. 

alius, a, ud (gen. -ius), other^ an- per, prep, with ace, through. 

other. res, rei, f., thing, matter. 

dies, diei, m. (or f.), day. spes, spei, f., hope. 

fides, fidei, y., faith, loyalty. totus, a, um (gen. -ius), whole. 

maneo (2), remain. vinco (3), overcome^ defeat. 



EXERCISES 

I. Belgae magnam spem victoriae habent. 2. In omnibus 
rebus fides est virtus. 3. Galli multos dies in castris manent. 
4. Hostes aliam partem murl oppugnant. 5. Per totam urbem 
custodes hostium videmus. 6. Caesar paucis equitibus aciem 
hostium vincit. 7. Gives toti exercitui consilia Caesaris niin- 
tiant. 8. Dux per silvam ad altum montem paucos mittit. 

I. The ships remain a few days in the harbors. 2. The 
enemy defeat the Roman army at Carthage. 3. In the senate 
the hostages report a serious matter. 4. Labienus, a man of 
great loyalty, defends the town. 5. Where do the good citi- 
zens remain? They remain at home. 6. Other bands of the 
Gauls lay waste the whole province. 7 . A part of the enemy 
remains the whole day in line of battle. 8. We lead all (our) 
forces through the province to the mountains of Gaul. 



12 



LATIN LESSONS 



LESSON XII 

Review of Declensions of Nouns and Adjectives 

(New) § 286. 
(Old) § 186. 



VOCABULARY 



claruSj a, um, clear^ bright; 

fa7nous. 
collis, is, M., MIL 
crudelis, e, cruel. 
dexter, dextra, dextrum, right. 
equus, i, m., horse. 
fidelis, ^^ faithful. 



homo, hominis, m., man. 

lacus, us, M., lake. 

oratio, onis, f., speech; orationem 

habeo, deliver a speech. 
recens, recentis, rece7it. 
utilis, e, useful. 
vulnus, vulneris, n., wound. 



Decline : 



alius hom5, another man. 
collis altus, high hill. 
cornii dextrum, right wing. 
dies clarus, bright day. 
equus celer, swift horse. 
exercitus fidelis, faithful ar7ny. 



lacus pulcher, beautiful lake. 
oratio longa, long speech. 
poena criidelis, cruel punishment. 
proelium recens, recent battle. 
re3 utilis, useful thing. 
vulnus grave, severe wound. 



EXERCISES 

I. Miles acer vulnera gravia habet. 2. Alii domi manent et 
omnia parant. 3. Puer dextra manu gladium tenet. 4. Popu- 
lus poenam ducis criidelis postulat. 5. Homines et equi duci 
exercitils utiles sunt. 6. Hostes auxilia Romanorum in alto colle 
vident. 7. Equites fortes et equos celeres ad castra mittunt. 
8. Labienus legionibus fidelibus cornii dextrum defendit. 

I. The man^s wound is not severe. 2. The days are bright 
and the sea is beautiful. 3. Caesar has great hope in the loyalty 
of the allies. 4. There are a few ships of the enemy on the 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES: REGULAR 13 

deep lakes. 5. The famous leader delivers a long speech in 
the senate. 6. We send supplies and other useful things to 
the army. 7. In war the Roman soldiers are faithful to their 
leaders. 8. The lieutenant reports to Caesar the recent battle 
and the cruel slaughter of the enemy. 



LESSON XIII 

Comparison of Adjectives : Regular 

(New) §§ 123; 124; 125; 126; 128; 120, a; 291, <5. 
(Old) §§ 89, «, ^, ^; 86,^; 93,^. 

VOCABULARY 

aequus, a, um, level; favor- latus, a, um, broad^ wide. 

able. locus, i, m., place; pi. loca, orum, n. 

brevis, e, short. miser, misera, miserum, wretched. 

exspecto (i), await. nobilis, e, noble. 

facilis, e, easy. pono {t,), place ; castra ij^ono^ pitch 
idoneus, a, um, suitable. a camp. 

impetus, us, m., attack. quam, than. 

Learn the comparison of adjectives used in preceding vocabularies 
(except bonus, magnus, multus, parvus). 

EXERCISES 

I. Galli fines latiores quam Belgae habent. 2. Miserrimus 
sum, cives, et poenam exspecto. 3. Caesar in loco maxime 
idoneo castra ponit. 4. Per provinciam Romanam itinera faci- 
li5ra sunt. 5. Roman! in aequiore loco impetum hostium 
exspectant. 6. In Caesaris castris filii virorum nobiHssimorum 
obsides sunt. 7. Breviore itmere parvam partem copiarum ad 
lacum mittit. 8. Munitiones castrorum Caesaris altiores sunt 
quam muri urbis. 



14 LATIN LESSONS 

I. The fields of the allies are broad and level. 2. Caesar 
places the bravest legion on the right wing. 3. There is a very 
short and very easy road through the hills. 4. In a recent 
speech Caesar praises the valor of his soldiers. 5. Labienus 
is more powerful than the leader of the enemy's auxiliaries. 
6. The Roman army overcomes the noblest and fiercest peoples 
of Gaul. 7. You are defending Carthage with ships swifter 
than (the ships) of the enemy. 8. We occupy more suitable 
places and await for many days the attack of the Belgians. 

LESSON XIV 

Comparison of Adjectives : Irregular. — Present 
Indicative Active of Fourth Conjugation 

(New) §§ 129; 130, ayb\ 187 (Pres. Indie. Act. of audi5). 
(Old) §§90; 91, ^, <^; p. 104 (Pres. Indie. Act. of audio). 

VOCABULARY 

annus, i, lA.^year. propior, ius, nearer. 

citerior, ius, hither. superior, ius, higher; sup. 
contendo (3), hasten; contend. summus, a, um, highest.^ 

imperator, oris, m., commander. greatest. 

malus, a, um, bad^ wicked. ulterior, ms.^ farther. 

multitiido, dinis, f., multitude. vallum, i, n., ra77tpart, 

miinio {^)^ fortify. venio (4), co7ne. 

EXERCISES 

I. Hostes altissimo vallo locum muniunt. 2. Ad portas urbis 
brevi via venimus. 3. Oppidum sociorum provinciae Romanae 
proximum est. 4. Imperator ad superiorem partem mentis 
equites ducit. 5. Filii civium optimorum saepe sunt pessimi. 
6. Galli cum Romanls multos annos contendunt. 7. Legiones 
Caesaris maiorem exercitum Belgarum non timent. 8. Senatus 
Caesarem cum maxima multitudine militum ad Galliam 
ulteriorem mittit. 



ADVERBS: FORMATION AND COMPARISON 15 

I. You are nearer to the larger camp of the Gauls. 2. The 
enemy's plans are worse than Caesar's. 3. A few wicked (men) 
remain many years at Athens. 4. I come, commander, with 
a most faithful band of auxiliaries. 5. The Romans send 
soldiers to the farthest parts of the province. 6. In hither 
Gaul there are very many men of the greatest valor. 7. A 
multitude of Roman citizens hastens to the rampart. 8. Labi- 
enus fortifies the smaller camp and defends the nearest ter- 
ritories. 

LESSON XV 

Adverbs : Formation and Comparison 

(New) §§ 214, a, b\ 218 \ \2a\ 324 a, 
(Old) §§ 148, d;, ^; 92; 19 c; 156 d!. 

VOCABULARY 

a, ab,i prep, with 2\A.^from. Helvetius, a, um, Helvetian; pi. 

acriter, vigo7'ously ^ fiercely . Helvetii, orum, m., Helvetians. 

celeriter, quickly. longe,fiar, by far. 

cotidie, daily. peto (3), seek. 

diligenter, diligently.^ carefully. prohibeo (2), keep off; prevent. 

diu, for a long time; comp. diu- -que, enclitic ^ conj., and. 

tius, sup. diutissime. undique,from all sides, on all sides. 

EXERCISES 

I. Helvetii ab omnibus proximis populis auxilium petunt. 
2. Labienus impetum equitum diii acriter prohibet. 3. Mllites 
nautaeque ad urbem undique veniunt. 4. Agros Helvetios 
multitudine hominum celerrime vastamus. 5. Fortissimi omnem 
spem libertatis in proeHo ponunt. 6. Sulla navibus celerrimis 

1 Before a vowel or h, ab must be used ; before a consonant, either 
a or ab may be used. 

2 An enclitic is a word attached to the preceding word. The enclitic 
-que is always to be translated before the word to which it is attached. 



l6 LATIN LESSONS 

portum diligenter servat. 7. Non longe ab oppido maximo 
castra ponit. 8. Imperator f rumen turn commeatumque ad 
socios cotidie mittit. 

I. Other legions assault the rampart on all sides. 2. We 
hasten to the river with all our cavalry and allies. 3. The 
auxiliaries are fighting more fiercely than the Roman legions. 
4. The enemy give by far the noblest of the citizens (as) hos- 
tages. 5. Caesar comes quickly with a smaller army to the 
nearest hill. 6. The Belgians send ambassadors and seek peace 
from the Roman people. 7. The leader with a part of his army 
for a very long time keeps the legion from the supplies. 8. The" 
soldiers most diligently defend their commander from the 
weapons of the Helvetians. 

LESSON XVI 

Numerals 

(New) §§ 132, I, I, 2, 3; 133; 134, b, c, d, e\ 113 (unus); 423, i; 425. 
(Old) §§ 94, b, Cy d, €,f\ ^i (unus); 256, i; 257. 

VOCABULARY 

arma, orum, n. pi., arms. passus, us, m., pacej mille passus, 

decimus, a, um, tenth. mile ; pi. milia passuum. 

gero (3), carry; perform; prior, prius, former; sup. primus, a, 

bellum gero, wage war, um, first. 

impedio (4), hinder. sed, but. 

nox, noctis, f., night. trans, prep, with ace, across. 
numerus, i, m., number. 

EXERCISES 

I. Naves legionem decimam trans mare portant. 2. Nocte 
per latissimas silvas copias ducit. 3. Arma equosque ad milites 
totius exercitus mittimus. 4. Decimo die Caesar muros oppidi 



PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS 17 

acriteroppugnat. 5. Senatus magnum numerumcivium ad arma 
vocat. 6. Imperator duo milia passuum a colle castra ponit. 
7. Labienus, primus Caesaris legatorum, iter Helvetiorura im- 
pedit. 8. Roman! cum Gallis totum annum bellum gerunt, sed 
non vincunt. 

I. A brave commander often performs great things. 2. On 
the first night we guard the camp more carefully. 3. The bold 
leader gives to his allies many swords and spears. 4. The first 
line (of battle) remains in arms for a long time. 5. Labienus 
hastens quickly across the river with the tenth legion. 6. The 
fear of a few soldiers hinders the army from many things. 

7. The Roman soldiers often assault the city most fiercely. 

8. He places a small number of auxiliaries one hundred 
paces from the larger band. 

LESSON XVII 

Prepositions and Conjunctions. — Questions 

(New) §§ 220, «, b, c\ 223; 331; 332, 3; ^^i^-^-, 336. 
(Old) §§ 152, a^ b, c\ 154; 210, a^ c^ e\ 212. 

VOCABULARY 

aut, or ; aut . . . aut, either neque(nec), and not, nor; neque (nee) 
. . . or. ... neque (nee), neither . . . nor. 

e,ex,^ prep, with abl.,^///^/", num, interrogative particle. 

from. pro, prep, with abl., /^r, in behalf of; 

et . . . et, both . . . and. before. 

fuga, ae, f., flight. propter, prep, with ace, on account of 

in, prep, with abl., /;/, on; quod, because. 

with ace, into. turpis, e, disgraceful. 

-ne, enclitic interrogative particle. 

1 Before a vowel or h, ex rnust be used ; before a consonant, either 
e or ex may be used. 



l8 LATIN LESSONS 



EXERCISES 



I. Socii f rumen turn ex agris in oppidum cotldie portant. 
2. Romam defenditis et pro domibus pugnatis. 3. Alios ^ ad 
cornu dextrum, alios -^ trans fliimen mitto. 4. Exercitus Caesaris 
neque agros vastat neque oppida oppugnat. 5. Propter gravia 
imperatoris vulnera cum Belgis non contendimus. 6, Num est 
fuga Gallorum turpior quam legionum? Non est. 7. Labienus 
est et clarissimus et potentissimus omnium legatorum. 8. Nonne 
senatus populusque Romanus auxilium ab aliis petit? 

I. Are all men either good or bad? 2. Caesar delivers a 
short speech in behalf of the hostages. 3. On the march the 
swiftest horses are very useful to the army. 4. He hastens into 
farther Gaul with two legions and many auxiliaries. 5. The 
Roman camp is in a suitable place before the town of the 
enemy. 6. The forces come out of the territories of the Hel- 
vetians and do not occupy the towns. 7. On account of the 
disgraceful flight of the cavalry the Romans defeat the enemy. 
8. The leader remains in the nearest territories because the 
roads are very level. 

^ alii . . . alii, so7ne . . . others. 



PRONOUNS 19 

LESSON XVIII 

Pronouns : Personal, Reflexive, Possessive 

(New) §§ 140; 142; i43»/; 295, rt; 144,^,^; MS- 
(Old) §§ 98, I, a, 2, «, 3, 3 ; 99 ^ ; 194, a. 

VOCABULARY 

amicus, a, um, friendly; amicus, noster, nostra, nostrum, our, 

i, ^i.^ friend, se, himself herself itself 

ego, mei, Ij pi. nos, we. thejnselves. 

Germania, ae, f., Germany. suus, a, um, his, her, its, their 

hiemo {\), pass the winter. {own'). 

inter, prep, with ace, between, tu, tui, thou, you; pi. vos, j<7«. 

among. tuus, a, um, thy, your, 

meus, a, um, //^y. vester, vestra, vestrum, your, 

EXERCISES 

I. Helvetiimead senatum Romanum mittunt. 2.Clarissima 
nobis sunt omnia tua consilia. 3. Vos omnes vobis primum 
locum itineris petitis. 4. Galli copiaeque vestrae obsides 
inter se dant. 5. Nos tibi amici sumus quod tu nobiscum non 
pugnas. 6. Ego a meis sociis, vos a vestris auxilium postulatis. 

7. Nos pro libertate nostra cum Belgis saepe contendimus. 

8. Roman! in oppidis suis hiemant neque in Germania manent. 

I. All my soldiers are faithful to me. 2. They place all 
hope for themselves in flight. 3. Do you give money neither 
to us nor to your friends ? 4. You demand fields for your- 
selves and your sons. 5. Is the tenth legion passing the 
winter in our province ? 6. We keep off the forces of the 
enemy from our camp. 7. The Roman army is fighting 
fiercely between the lake and the hills of Germany. 8. The 
former of the two leaders defends himself from the attack of 
his own soldiers. 



20 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XIX 

Pronouns : Demonstrative 

(New) §§ 146; 145, note; 296, i, 2. 
(Old) §§ 100; loi; 98 3, note; 195. 

VOCABULARY 

adventus, us, m., approach^ impedimentum, i, n., hindrance j 

arrival. pL, baggage. 

cognosce (3), learn., find out. is, ea, id, that; he^she^ itj pi., they. 

explorator, oris, m., scout. iuvo (i), aid. 

hie, haec, hoc, this. nuntius, i, m., messenger. 

idem, eadem, idem, the sa7ne. repentinus, a, um, sudden^ unex- 

ille, ilia, illud, that; he., she., it; pected. 

pL, they. semper, always. 

EXERCISES 

I. Caesar per exploratores adventum hostium cognoscit. 
2. Nos frumento aliisque rebus eos semper iuvamus. 3. Re- 
pentina pericula huius itineris pluriina sunt. 4. Ex legato 
rem cognoscunt et ea loca muniunt. 5. Videsne illos colles 
inter nostra castra et mare? Video. 6. Una legio commeatum 
impedimentaque exercitus servat. 7. Primo adventu nunti 
senatus has legiones in Galliam mittit. 8. Propter caedem 
magnae partis copiarum dux in eodem oppido manet. 

I. The allies aid him with ships and auxiliaries. 2. The 
Roman army has many horses and much baggage. 3. The 
messenger quickly reports all these (things) to the senate. 
4. Our (men) pass the winter in the most beautiful part of 
Gaul. 5. The sudden arrival of those legions prevents the 
attack of the Belgians. 6. On that night the scouts report to 
us the enemy's plans. 7. Caesar leads the same soldiers four 
miles across the river. 8. The Helvetians are (men) of great 
valor because they are always waging war with others. 



PRONOUNS 21 

LESSON XX 

Pronouns : Intensive, Relative 

(New) §§ 146 (ipse); 298 c, d, i \ 147 ; 150 ^; 305. 
(Old) §§ loi (ipse); 195/,^; 103; 104^; 198. 

VOCABULARY 

equitatus, lis, m., cavalry. praesidium, l,^., protections guard. 

facile, easily. qui, quae, quod, who, which, that. 

Q^xvcilm,'br\xm.,^\.^\., Germ arts, relinquo (3), leave. 

iniquus, a, um, unfavorable. tertius, a, um, third. 

iniuria, ae, f., injury, wrong, vis, vis, p., force, violence; pi. 

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self vires, virium, strength (New, § 79 ; 

pater, patris, yi., father. Old, § 61). 

EXERCISES 

I. Is quern vides meus pater est. 2. Omnes in fuga sibi 
praesidium ponunt. 3. Equitatus ex inlquo loco ad collem 
contendit. 4. Socii vim hostium ab oppidis non facile prohi- 
bent. 5. Caesar milites quos secum habet in proelium diicit. 

6. Helvetii tertiam partem copiarum trans flumen relinquunt. 

7 . Propter repentinam f ugam auxiliorum Germani facile vincunt. 

8. Caesar ipse omnem Galliam ab iniiirils German orum defendit. 

I. The allies await the arrival of the tenth legion itself. 

2. The Roman people praise the father of gods and men. 

3. The commander leads his army into a most unfavorable 
place. 4. The Romans very easily keep from injury those who 
come to them. 5. We leave a large part of the cavalry in the 
camp which is in Gaul. 6. On the third night I come to the 
legion whose leader is Labienus. 7. Caesar sends guards into 
the provinces that are friendly to the Germans. 8. The 
Romans overcome by force the cruel Germans with whom 
they are fighting. 



22 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XXI 

Pronouns : Interrogative, Indefinite 

(New) §§ 148,/^; 151, c, e,g\ 309. 
(Old) §§ 104, a\ 105, c, d, e\ 202. 

VOCABULARY 

aliquis, aliquid, so7ne oiie^ so?ne- quidam, quaedam, quiddam 
thing; adj. aliqui, aliqua, ali- (quoddam), a certain. 

quod, so7ne. quis, quid, who f what ? adj. qui, 

civitas, atis, f., state, quae, quod, which f what ? 

cohors, cohortis, f., cohort. quisque, quidque, adj. quisque, 

incolumis, e, unhartned., safe. quaeque, quodque, each^ every. 

invenio {^)^Jind. sine, prep, with abl., without. 

praeda, ae, f., booty, plunder. 

EXERCISES 

I. Eodem die quosdam in fines Germanorum mittimus. 

2. Aliquae civitates Caesari quam Gallis amiciores sunt. 

3. Labienus legionem incolumem in earn terram ducit. 4. Non 
sine magna spe victoriae domum relinquitis. 5. Venio ad vos 
pro quodam viro cuius poena est gravissima. 6. Quis est dux 
cohortium quas in Gallia citeriore relinquis ? 7. Milites mul- 
tam praedam in finibus cuiusque civitatis inveniunt. 8. Num 
est dux Gallorum fortior aut fidelior quam hie explorator ? 

I. Which town of the enemy is nearest to this city ? 2. The 
leader of the cohort finds all his (men) safe in camp. 3. They 
send to him (as) ambassadors the noblest of their state. 

4. Caesar praises the loyalty and valor of each of his soldiers. 

5. He leaves all the plunder in this town without a guard. 

6. There is a certain town in the farthest parts of our prov- 
ince. 7. Some messengers come from the right wing and report 
the danger to Caesar. 8. We assault the city, nor does the 
approach of the enemy hinder our (men) from the attack. 



CONJUGATION OF VERB SUM 23 

LESSON XXII 

Conjugation of Verb Sum : Indicative 

(New) §§ 154, a, b, c, d, e\ 170 (Indicative). 
(Old) §§ 108, a, b, c, d\ pp. 82, %!, (Indicative). 

VOCABULARY 

absum, abesse, afui, afuturus, be fere, al77iost^ about. 

away. incendo (3), burn. 

aedificium, i, n., building. Italia, ae, f., Italy. 

Ariovistus, i, m., Ariovistus. litterae, arum, f. pL, letter. 

conspectus, us, m., sight. nunc, now. 

exterior, ius, outer; sup. extremus, postridie, on the next day. 

a, um, farthest.^ extre7ne. regi5, onis, f., region. 

EXERCISES 

I. Totlus Galliae partes erant ties. 2. Has res ex litterls 
Sullae cognosco. 3. Nunc Helvetii omnia sua aedificia incen- 
dunt. 4. Ipse ab castris hostium mille passus aberat. 5. Con- 
silia Labieni utilia Caesari saepissime fuerant. 6. Postridie 
Ariovistus exteriores munitiones urbis oppugnat. 7. Cohortes 
acrius pugnant quod in Caesaris conspectu sunt. 8. Imperator 
exploratores in extremas regiones Italiae fere cotidie mittit. 

I. The scouts have been in the farthest territories of Ger- 
many. 2. We now send messengers and letters to the senate 
from Gaul. 3. This place was two miles away from the Roman 
forces. 4. We shall be at home with our friends for a few 
days. 5. There has always been plenty of supplies in the 
camp. 6. We burn almost all the ships which are in the har- 
bor of Athens. 7. On the next day the army of Ariovistus 
comes in^ sight of our cavalry. 8. The Germans burn the 
buildings and lay waste the fields of the whole region. 
1 Use in with ace. 



24 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XXIII 

Conjugation of Verb Sum: Complete 

(New) § 170. 
(Old) Pp. 82, 83. 

VOCABULARY 

adsum, adesse, adfui, be present. iustus, a, um, just. 

concilium, i, N., council. liberi, orum, m. pL, children. 

debeo (2), ought. magistratus, us, m., inagistrate. 

discedo (3), depart. pons, pontis, m., bridge. 

hiberna, orum, n. pi., winter princeps, cipis, m., chief., leading 

quarters. ' fnan. 

hora, ae, f., hour, ut, that., in order that. 

EXERCISES 

I. Omnes qui adsunt a Caesare auxilium petunt. 2. Hostes 
liberos prmcipum civitatum necant. 3. Boni cives magistrati- 
bus semper fideles esse debent. 4. Ego ipse aderam ut poena 
virorum iusta esset. 5. Semper in hostium conspectu milites 
nostri erant. 6. Tres legiones, quae in Gallia hiemant, ex 
hibernis discedunt. 7 . Tertia fere hora eiusdem diei ad longum 
pontem venimus. 8. Dux venit ad finem orationis quam in con- 
cilio militum habet. 

I. All magistrates ought to be very just. 2. Soldiers, be 
brave, and the victory will be yours. 3. Labienus now places 
a guard on the nearest bridge. 4. Ariovistus departs from this 
place with all the cavalry. 5. Caesar hastens in order that he 
may be present in the camp. 6. That place would have been 
suitable for the winter quarters of the army. 7. The ambas- 
sador comes to the council with many leading men of the state. 
8. The Germans fight many hours in behalf of themselves 
and their children. 



FIRST CONJUGATION 25 

LESSON XXIV 

First Conjugation: Active, Indicative 

(New) §§ 164, I, 2, 3, a,b,c\ 165, i, 2 ; 171 ; 172 ; 184 (Active Indicative). 
(Old) §§ 117, I, 2 ; 121, iz, ^, <;; \22^ a, b) pp. 92, 93 (Active Indicative). 

VOCABULARY 

accuso, are, avi, atum, blame, accuse, expiigno, are, avi, atum, take 
amicitia, ae, y., friendship. by stor7n, capture, 

animus, i, m., mind; courage. graviter, severely. 

armo, are, avi, atum, ar^n. ibi, there. 

coUoco, are, avi, atum, station. pax, pacis, f., peace. 

confirms, are, avi, atum, strengthen., signum, i, n. , signal; standard, 
establish. 

EXERCISES 

I. Oppida Belgarum per vim expugnavimus. 2. Omnibus 
qui in acie sunt signum dat. 3. Alii se armabant, alii nostras 
naves exspectabant. 4. Caesar eos graviter accusat quod 
Romanos non iuvant. 5. Adventus nuntiorum nostros spe 
auxili confirmaverat. 6. Ab iis quos Labienus pro oppido 
collocavit pacem petimus. 7. Ibi necaverunt magnum nume- 
rum eorum qui oppidum expugnaverant. 8. Quod timor animos 
principum occupavit, civitas in amicitia Romanorum manet. 

I. The Helvetians were carrying the grain through our 
province. 2. Our soldiers had always guarded the standards 
most carefully. 3. The Germans will establish peace and 
friendship with the Gauls. 4. The Roman commander armed 
with swords the soldiers of each cohort. 5. You have strength- 
ened our courage by your speech. 6. The enemy very easily 
captured the cities which they were assaulting. 7. There 
Caesar stations the cavalry and auxiliaries. 8. I blamed the 
legion severely because it had not occupied the town. 



26 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XXV 

First Conjugation : Active, Complete 

(New) §§ 184 (Active); 155, a, b, c\ 117, b. 

(Old) Pp. 92, 93 (Active) ; § 109, a, b, c, 

VOCABULARY 

Aeduus,a,um,y^^<7^2/^/^y pl.Aedui, oro, are, avi, atum, beg^ entreat. 

orum, M., Aeduans. praeter, prep, with ace, except. 

explore, are, avi, atum, explore. regno, are, avi, atum, reign. 

gens, gentis, f., tribe. statim, iinmediately. 

impero, are, avi, atum, command. tribunus, i, m., tribune. 

navigo, are, avi, atum, sail. vexo, are, avi, atum, harass.^ 
ora, ae, f., coast. ravage. 

EXERCISES 

I. Prmcipes oraverunt ut Caesar civitatem servaret. 2. Haec 
pulchra regina decern annos regnaverit. 3. Socii fines omnium 
earum gentium exploravissent. 4. Caesar imperavit ut castra 
Aeduorum oppugnarent. 5. Tribunum milites propter virtutem 
laudantem invenio. 6. Omnia oppida hiiius regionis praeter 
unum expugnaveramus. 7. Helvetii pacem cum proximis gen- 
tibus statim confirmare debent. 8. Ad ultimas oras Germaniae 
navigabimus ut regiones vexemus. 

I. You, my friends, ought not to blame your leaders. 2. All 
the tribes except the Aeduans were preparing (for) war. 

3. We would have entreated Caesar in behalf of our citizens. 

4. He himself had reigned for a very long time in the Aeduan 
state. 5. Report immediately those (things) which I have 
commanded. 6. He sails into the harbor in order that he may 
explore the country. 7. To ravage the coasts of Gaul without 
very many ships would not have been easy. 8. The tribunes 
quickly armed the soldiers, in order that they might take the 
enemy's camp by storm. 



FIRST CONJUGATION 27 

LESSON XXVI 

First Conjugation: Passive, Indicative 

(New) §§ 184 (Passive Indicative); 179^; 405; 283; 284. 
(Old) Pp 94, 95 (Passive Indicative); §§ 126^; 246; 176, a^ b\ 185. 

VOCABULARY 

a, ab, prep, w^ith abl., by. nondum, not yet, 

Allobroges, um, m. pl.,^ llobroges. niillus, a, um (gen. -ius), no^ none, 
angustus, a, um, narrow. pac5, are, avi, atum, pacify, 

creo, are, avi, atum, elect. subdue. 

difficilis, e, difficult. super5, are, avi, atum, defeat. 

fortiter, bravely. vulnero, are, avi, atum, wound. 

Learn also 
do, dare, dedi, datum, give (New, § 202). 

EXERCISES 

I. Hi viri a populo magistratus creabuntur. 2. Ibi naves 
commeatusque ab exercitii exspectabantur. 3. Tribiinus fortis- 
sime et acerrime pugnans necatus est. 4. Nullum aliud iter 
erat angustius aut difficilius. 5. Oppida Allobrogum a Romanis 
nondum expiignata sunt. 6. Aeduos sine auxilio superare diffi- 
cillimum fuisset. 7. Civitates quae a Caesare pacatae erant 
obsides statim dederunt. 8. Castra hostium non oppugnabimus 
quod magnus numerus nostrorum vulneratus est. 

I. We often demanded money, but none was given to us. 
2. I had not yet been elected leader of that tribe. 3. Corinth 
will be bravely guarded by almost all the soldiers. 4. By a 
narrow and difficult road the scout comes into the camp. 
5. The lieutenant's son, fighting with the enemy, was severely 
wounded. 6. By far the largest tribe of the' Germans has been 
subdued by our (men). 7. This was the farthest town of the 
Allobroges and the nearest to the Helvetians. 8. They were 
defeated by the forces which had been stationed in the town, 



28 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XXVII 

First Conjugation: Passive, Complete 

(New) § 184 (Passive). 
(Old) Pp. 94, 95 (Passive). 

VOCABULARY 

aditus, lis, m., access^ way of privatus, a, um, private. 

approach, piiblicus, a, um, public; res 
agmen, minis, n., ar7ny (on the publica, gen. rei piiblicae, 

march), cohunn. F., commonwealth^ state. 

convoco, are, avi, atum, call to- rex, regis, m., king. 

gether. Rhenus, i, m., Rhine. 

perturbo, are, avi, atum, disturb^ vicus, i, m., village. 

throw into confusion. vito, are, avi, atum, avoid. 

Learn also 
iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iiitum, aid, 

EXERCISES 

I. Haec maxima pericula fuga vitari debent 2. Dux impe- 
ravit ut omnes tribuni convocarentur. 3. Omnes cohortes ab 
hostibus perturbatae essent. 4. Omnia eorum aedificia pub- 
lica privataque occupata erant. 5. Imperator superatus trans 
flumen Rhenum suos ducit. 6. Caesar ad Aeduos nuntium 
mittit ut socii convocentur. 7. Copiae Ariovisti, regis Ger- 
manorum, iter agminis nostri impediunt. 8. Proximos colles 
occupamus ut aditus ad vicum difficilis sit. 

I. These things ought now to be reported by us to the 
Romans. 2 . The cavalry have no way of approach to the camp. 

3. We remain in the village in order that aid may be awaited. 

4. On account of the recent slaughter the minds of aU were 



SECOND CONJUGATION 29 

disturbed. 5. In this commonwealth we have often been aided 
by the immortal gods. 6. The king, having been aided by 
many private (men), hastens to the Rhine. 7. You lead the 
first column into those places where the fields have been laid 
waste. 8. A council of the soldiers was called together in 
order that this danger might be avoided. 

LESSON XXVIII 

Second Conjugation : Active 

(New) § 185 (Active). 
(Old) Pp. 96, 97 (Active). 

VOCABULARY 

consul, ulis, M., consul. obsideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, 
dimico, are, avi, alum, fight, besiege., blockade. 

Gallicus, a, um, Gallic, pertine5, tinere, tinui, extend. 

iam, already. respondeo, spondere, spondi, 
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, order. sponsum, reply. 

moveo, movere, movi, motum, move, studeo, studere, studui, desire. 

Learn also 

habeo, habere, habui, habitum, have. 
maneo, manere, mansi, mansum, remain, 
timeo, timere, timui, fear. 

EXERCISES 

I. Consul naves in porta manere iussit. 2. Hostes ab eo 
loco iniquo castra iam moverant. 3. Helvetii latissimos fines 
habere semper studebant. 4. Imperator equites Galileos for- 
titer dimicantes invenit. 5. Legatus iubet tribunes confirmare 
animos eorum qui timent. 6. Agri nostri a colle ad proximum 
oppidum pertinent. 7. Legati consul! Romano responderunt 



30 LATIN LESSONS 

et auxilium postulaverunt. 8. Omnes nostros convocabimus 
ut hoc oppidum obsideamus. 

I. That narrow road extends many miles. 2. Has Caesar 
repHed to this speech of Ariovistus? 3. Not without great 
danger shall I remain in this house. 4. He had ordered the 
guard to move the standard from that place. 5. You armed 
all the alHes in order that you might besiege the city. 6. The 
two armies will fight before the walls in sight of the consul. 
7. The forces of the enemy were blockading all the roads 
through the province. 8. The Germans desired to fight with 
the Aeduans and other Gallic tribes. 

LESSON XXIX 

Second Conjugation : Passive 

(New) § 185 (Passive). 
(Old) Pp. 96, 97 (Passive). 

VOCABULARY 

augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, in- pedes, peditis, m., foot-soldier; 

crease. pi., infantry. 

contineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, permoveo, movere, movi, motum, 

b^ restrain. alar7n^ disturb. 



deleo, delere, delevi, deletum, de- perterreo, terrere, terrui, territum, 

stroy. terrify. 

fama, ae, f., report. subito, suddenly, 

im'permm.^i,!^., command/ power, sustineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, 

novus, a, um, 7zewy novissimum sustain. 

agmen, the rear. 

Learn also 

prohibeo, hibere, hibui, hibitum, keep off., prevent. 
teneo, tenere, tenui, hold. 
video, videre, vidi, visum, see. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 31 

EXERCISES 

I. Numerus peditum hostium cotidie augetur. 2. Urbs Car- 
thago a Romanis iam deleta erat. 3. Paucos dies a Caesare 
in castris continebamur. 4. His rebus permoti, nuntios ad eum 
mittunt. 5. Tribunus imperavit ut castra statim moverentur. 

6. InGermania summum imperium a rege Ariovisto tenebatur. 

7. Caesar impetum hostium anovissimoagminesustineri iussit. 

8. Fama adventus Gallorum cohortes subito perterritae sunt. 

I. You ought not to be disturbed by that report. 2. The bat- 
tle was bravely sustained by the same cohorts. 3. The power 
of Caesar is feared by very many Gallic states. 4. For a long 
time the cavalry will be restrained from battle. 5. The soldiers, 
terrified, did not await the commands of Labienus. 6. We 
were suddenly alarmed by those things which we saw. 7. The 
new legion, which Caesar ordered to keep oif the enemy, has 
been destroyed. 8. In order that the fear of the enemy may 
be increased, I call together the whole army. 

LESSON XXX 

Third Conjugation : Active, Indicative 

(New) § 186 (Active Indicative). 
(Old) Pp. 98, 99 (Active Indicative). 

VOCABULARY 

captivus, i, m., captive. mos, moris, m., custom. 

comparo, are, avi, atum, prepare; postquam, after. 

procure. premo, premere, pressi, pressum, 

consido, sidere, sedi, sessum, press hard; overwheltn. 

encamp. scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, 

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditum, write. 

surrender. scutum, i, N., shield. 
ediico, ducere, dvLxi^dvLctum, lead out. tego, tegere, texi, tectum, cover; 

inde, thence. protect. 



32 LATIN LESSONS 

Learn also 

duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, lead. 
mitto, mittere, misi, missum, send. 
pono, ponere, posui, positum, place. 

EXERCISES 

I. Inde pedites auxiliaque in hiberna duximus. 2. Ariovistus 
sex milia passuum ab Rheno consederat. 3. Omnes mores 
Germanorum ex captivis cognoscis. 4. Ei quos Romani pres- 
serant se scutis texerunt. 5. Belgae imperatorl se suaque omnia 
statim dedent. 6. Hostes friimentum novasque naves Cartha- 
gini comparabunt. 7. NOntius mihi litteras dedit quas amicus 
meus scripserat. 8. Postquam Caesar hostes vidit, suas copias 
ex castris eduxit. 

I. Your son has written this letter with his own hand. 2. Each 
tribe had its own customs and laws. 3. The Belgians have 
pitched their camp four miles from the coast. 4. The citizens 
were protecting by arms their liberty and their homes. 5 . After 
these things were prepared, he sent the captives into the city. 
6. In other parts of the camp we find many shields and weap- 
ons. 7. The tribes which Sulla had overwhelmed surrendered 
their towns. 8. Thence the Romans will lead out the army and 
encamp in the enemy's territory. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 33 

LESSON XXXI 

Third Conjugation: Active, Complete 

(New) § 186 (Active). 
(Old) Pp. 98, 99 (Active).' 

VOCABULARY 

ago, agere, egi, actum , do; discuss. compleo, plere, plevi, pletum,yf //. 

alter, altera, alterum (gen. -ius), constitu5, stituere, stitui, stitu- 

the other; alter . . . alter, the turn, place; determine. 

one . . , the other. dic5, dicere, dixi, dictum, say, 

Claud5, claudere, clausi, clausum, f acinus, facinoris, n., crime, 

close. metus, iis, u.^fear. 

committo, mittere, misi, missum, pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, 

commit; proelium committo, drive ; rout. 

join battle. praemium, i, n., reward. 

Learn also 

contendo, tendere, tendi, tentum, hasten; contend, 
discedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, depart. 
peto, petere, petivi (ii), petitum, seek. 

EXERCISES 

I. Labienus Aeduos ex munitionibus pellere constituit. 
2. Facinora quae hi viri commiserant turpia erant. 3. Tri- 
bunus militum alterum consulem gladio vulneravit. 4. Gives, 
portas claudite et ad vestras domos discedite. 5. Legiones 
cum Helvetiis proelium committere iussae sunt. 6. Caesax 
mllitibus dixit, ** Magna praemia virtutis petemus." 7. Propter 
metum milites non iegerunt ea quae dux iusserat. 8. Imperavit 
ut omnia superiora loca multitudine militum complerentur. 

I. What have you ordered the messenger to say to the con- 
sul? ?, This is the worst crime that his son has committed. 



34 LATIN LESSONS 

3. The whole place was filled with swords and spears. 4. To 
the one he gave money, to the other greater rewards. 5. Sol- 
diers, join battle immediately in order that we may rout the 
enemy. 6. The ambassadors would have discussed the same 
things with Caesar. 7. The Romans, terrified by fear of the 
enemy, will close all the gates. 8. Caesar was hastening to 
the village in order that he might place a guard there. 

LESSON XXXII 

Third Conjugation : Passive, Indicative 

(New) § 186 (Passive Indicative). 
(Old) Pp. 98, 99 (Passive Indicative). 

VOCABULARY 

amitto, mittere, misi, missum, lose, instruo, struere, striixi, struc- 
angustiae, arum, f. pi., narrow turn, draw up. 

pass. palus, udis, F., swamp. 

barbanis, i, m., barbarian. procul, far off., at a distance. 

coniungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum, prope, prep, with ace, near. 

join, Sequani, orum, m. pi., Sequa- 
desero, serere, serui, sertum, desert. nians. 

Learn also 

cognosce, noscere, novi, nitum, learn., fi^td out, 
gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, perfor?)ij wage. 
relinquo, linquere, liqui, lictum, leave. 

EXERCISES 

I . Hae cohortes cum Caesaris exercitii coniungentur. 2 . Omnia 
auxilia in novissimo agmine relicta sunt. 3. Ibi plurimi cives 
omnem pecuniam amiserunt. 4. Parva paliis erat inter nostrum 
et hostium exercitum. 5. Acies barbarorum in angustiis procul 
a castris instruebatur. 6. Miseri homines a suis amicis saepissime 



THIRD CONJUGATION 35 

deseruntur. 7. Castra a Sequanis in coUe prope oppidum 
posita erant. 8. Bellum a Romanis cum barbaris multos annos 
gestum est. • 

I. Ariovistus is said to have routed a Roman legion. 2. Have 
the Roman cohorts been deserted by all the alHes? 3. The 
approach of the Sequanians was seen by us at a distance. 

4. We have been drawn up before the camp near a large swamp. 

5. A few faithful friends were discussing these things with 
me. 6. The hope of victory was increased because our two 
armies were joined. 7. In this narrow pass many men and 
horses had already been lost. 8. The customs of the bar- 
barians will be learned by the scouts whom we have sent. 

LESSON XXXIII 

Third Conjugation: Passive, Complete 

(New) § 186 (Passive). 
(Old) Pp. 98, 99 (Passive). 

VOCABULARY 

agger, aggeris, m., motmd. ferrum, i, n., sword. 

caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, /^f //. incito, are, avi, atum, urge on; 

Cicero, onis, m., Cicero. incite. 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum, interim, meanwhile. 

surround. moenia, moenium, n. pL, walls 
c5g5, cogere, coegi, coactum, bring (of a city). 

together J co?npel. patria, ae, f., (native) coiuitry. 

deduce, ducere, diixi, ductum, piigna, ae, f., fight^ battle. 

withdraw. 

Learn also 

defendo, fendere, fendi, fensum, defend. 
mcend5, cendere, cendi, censum, bu7'n. 
vinco, vincere, vici, victum, overcome, defeat. 



36 LATIN LESSONS 

EXERCISES 

I. Romani ab his barbarls non pressi essent. 2. Haec cas- 
tra aggere alto undique cingebantur. 3. Eos ferro caedi et 
vicos eorum incendi iubet. 4. Eo die magnus numerus homi- 
num caesus esse dicitur. 5. GermanI victi exercitum ex his 
regionibus dediixerunt. 6. Caesar multls rebus ad illam pugnam 
incitabatur. 7. Interim moenia oppidi a socils fortiter defensa 
erant. 8. Tribiinus oravit ut Cicero ex sua patria discedere 
cogeretur. 

T. This tribune, who was friendly to Cicero, was killed. 
2. The Gauls urged on their horses and quickly joined battle 
with us. 3. The mound was higher than the fortifications of our 
camp. 4. I was not kept from the fight by fear of your sword. 

5. The city was very easily defended by the enemy's cavalry. 

6. Meanwhile he ordered the guards to be withdrawn from the 
walls. 7. The Belgians, fighting very bravely in behalf of their 
country, were overcome. 8. They send messengers through 
the province in order that auxiliaries may be brought together. 

LESSON XXXIV 

Fourth Conjugation: Active 

(New) §§ 187 (Active); 181 b, 
(Old) Pp. 104, 105 (Active); § 128 a 2. 

VOCABULARY 

classis, is, y.^ fleet. demonstro, are, avi, atum, show. 

comperi5, perire, peri, pertum, desili6,silire,silui,sultum,/i^^/</<?'Z£/;^. 

find out. egregius, a, um, remarkable. 

convenio, venire, veni, ventum, insidiae, arum, f. pi., ambush; plot. 

co7ne together. pervenio, venire, veni, ventum, co7ne^ 
Crassus, i, m., Crassus. arrive. 

de, prep, with ^bl.^fromj con- servus, i, m., slave. 

cerning. tumultus, us, m., tumult^ uproar. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION 37 

Learn also 

impedio, pedire, pedivi (ii), peditum, hinder. 
venio, venire, veni, ventum, co7ne. 

EXERCISES 

I. Paucos dies exspectant ut copiae conveniant. 2. Aliqui 
servi proximam viam mihi demonstrabunt. 3. Cum classe cen- 
tum navium ad haec loca veniebamus. 4. Crassus multas res 
de hostibus comperisse dicitur. 5 . Romani ad castra Ariovisti 
sine tumuitu pervenissent. 6. Equites adventum barbarorum 
per insidias impediverant. 7. Caesar imperavit ut nautae de 
navibus in mare desilirent. 8. Propter nostram egregiam fidem 
nos dare obsides non coegit. 

I. We arrived by the road which had been shown to us. 

2. You will find out from this man the plans of the consuls. 

3. Leap down from your horses, soldiers, and come into the 
camp. 4. On account of the great tumult he easily routed the 
Sequanians. 5. Concerning this cruel plot many things were 
said in the council. 6. After he ordered the fleet to come 
together, he determined to blockade the town. 7. I shall call 
together the slaves in order that I may find out this from them. 
8. The legions were faithful to Crassus because he was a man 
of remarkable valor. 



38 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XXXV 

Fourth Conjugation: Passive 

(New) § 187 (Passive). 
(Old) Pp. 104, 105 (Passive). 

VOCABULARY 
audio, audire, audivi, auditum, legatio, onis, f., embassy. 

hear. mors, mortis, f., death. 

condo, dere, didi, ditum, found. reperio, reperire, repperi, reper- 
corpus, corporis, n., body. tum, discover. 

etiam, also j eve7i. Romulus, i, m., Ro^nulus. 

finio, finire, finivi, finitum, end. solus, a, um (gen. -ius), alone^ 
fossa, ae, f., ditch. only. 

Learn also 
invenio, venire, veni, ventum,y?/^//. 
munio, munire, miinivi (ii), miinitum, y<?r//^. 

EXERCISES 

I. Urbs Roma a Romulo condita est. 2. Metus eorum 
morte sola finietur. 3. Princeps legationis obsides incolumes 
invenit. 4. Socii servabant corpora eorum qui caesi erant. 
5. In primo agmine Caesar duas legiones ducebat. 6. Minora 
etiam castra vallo fossaque muniebantur. 7. In senatum con- 
venimus ut orationem Ciceronis audiamus. 8. Litterae ab eis 
scriptae in castris repertae sunt. 

I. Suddenly an uproar was heard in the enemy's camp. 
2. There towns will be founded by Caesar's soldiers. 3. The 
bodies of these men were found in the ditch. 4. Even to this 
place a way of approach had been discovered. 5. Romulus 
commanded that Rome should be fortified with a wall. 6. The 
embassy sent by the senate reported the death of the consul. 
7. The battle would have been ended by the arrival of Caesar 
alone. 8. Many ships ought now to be procured, in order 
that the enemy may be overwhelmed. 



VERBS IN -10 OF THIRD CONJUGATION 39 

LESSON XXXVI 

Verbs in -10 of Third Conjugation : Active 

(New) § 188 (Active). 
(Old) P. 100 (Active). 

VOCABULARY 

calamitas, atis, f., disaster, cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum, 
capio, capere, cepi, captum, take. desire. 

Catilina, ae, m., Catiline. facio, facere, feci, factum, 7nake., 
certus, a, um, certain. doj certiorem facio, inforin. 

coniiiratio, onis, f., conspiracy. fugio, fugere, fiigi, f ugitum, yf^^. 

conspici5, spicere, spexi, spectum, nomen, nominis, n., name. 

see. recipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, re- 
contra, prep, with ace, against. cover; receive; with reflex- 

ive se, retreat, 

EXERCISES 

I. Pedites in silvas se recepisse dicuntur. 2. Certam partem 
mllitum in oppidum duel iubebis. 3. Gives se armare et urbem 
recipere cupiebant. 4. Gatilina coniurationem contra rem 
publicam fecerat. 5. Belgae signa legionum Romanarum pro- 
cul conspexerunt. 6. German! trans Rhenum fugientes ab 
hostibus press! sunt. 7. Is locus ex calamitate popul! Roman! 
nomen capiet. 8. Gontendimus ut eum de hac coniiiratione 
certiorem faceremus. 

I. Without my aid you would not have taken the town. 
2. Catiline's conspiracy was discovered by Cicero. 3. They 
now desire to do that which has been commanded. 4. The 
public buildings which we saw there were very beautiful. 

5. In all lands the name of this commander will be famous. 

6. The barbarians, terrified, had fled through the forest to the 
coast. 7. He will receive certain powerful men who will 
come to him. 8. On account of this disaster he did not draw 
up the line of battle against the enemy. 



40 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XXXVII 

Verbs in -io of Third Conjugation: Passive 
(New) § i88 (Passive). 
(Old) P. 100 (Passive). 

VOCABULARY 

conficio, ficere, feci, f ectum, accom- iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum, throw, 

plish^ finish. interficio, ficere, feci, fectum, 

conscribo, scribere, scripsi, scrip- kill. 

turn, enroll. pilum, i, N., javelin. 

deditio, onis, f., surrender. reliquus, a, um, remaining j pi. 

diripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, reliqui, orum, m., the rest, 

plunder. subsidium, i, n., reinforcement; 

f rater, fratris, m., brother. assistance. 

EXERCISES 

I. Duo maxima bella a Caesare iam confecta erant. 2. Belgae 
orabant ut in deditionem reciperentur. 3. Custodes de con- 
siliis German omm eos certiores facient. 4. Frater principis 
Aeduorum ab hostibus interfectus est. 5. Reliquos captivos 
interfici et impedimenta diripi iussit. 6. Subsidia exspectamus 
ut a loco hostes pellamus. 7 . Interim cum legionibus quae 
conscriptae erant in Galliam contendit. 8. Pedites, quos in 
insidiis collocaverat, pila subito iecerunt. 

I . Captives are often killed by certain tribes. 2 . Two new 
legions will be enrolled in hither Gaul. 3. CatiHne commanded 
that all Italy should be plundered. 4. Assistance was sent to 
me immediately by my brother. 5. After a few were wounded, 
the rest fled across the river. 6. The Helvetians sent ambas- 
sadors to him concerning their surrender. 7. Javelins and 
spears were being thrown from the walls by the infantry. 8. In 
order that these things may be accomplished, he orders certain 
men to come together. 



DEPONENT VERBS 4I 

LESSON XXXVIII 

Deponent Verbs : First and Second Conjugations 

(New) §§ 190 (miror, vereor), ^, c; 192. 
(Old) §§135 (miror, vereor), <?, tr; 136. 

VOCABULARY 

audeo, audere, ausus sum, dare, nocturnus, a, um, m'^/it, at night. 

centurio, onis, m., centurion. polliceor, liceri, licitus sum, promise. 

cohortor, ari, atus sum, en- ripa, ae, f., bank. 

courage. salus, utis, f., safety. 

Conor, ari, atus sum, try. solum, only ; non solum . . . sed 
moror, ari, atus sum, delay. etiam, not o?ily . . . but also, 

m5tus, iis, m., revolt. 

EXERCISES 

I. Crassus captivis salutem iam pollicitus erat. 2. Centuri- 
ones a signis discedere non audebunt. 3. Catilina servos ad 
motum incitare conabatur. 4. Dux cohortatus milites moenia 
oppugnavit. 5. Inde nocturno itinere ad ripas Rheni perveni- 
mus. 6. Allobroges orabant ut paucos dies in suis finibus 
moraretur. 7 . Nostri non solum agros vastant, sed etiam oppida 
diripiunt. 8. Hae gentes cum copiis potentioribus Caesaris 
contendere ausae sunt. 

I. By this speech the tribune encourages his men. 2. You 
did not dare to say this to the consul. 3. Not only citizens, 
but also slaves were enrolled by us. 4. The Romans are trying 
to defend the caiiup from a night attack. 5. The revolt of the 
Aeduans was reported to him by a centurion. 6. Some tried to 
defend the camp, others sought safety by flight. 7. Labienus 
promised assistance to those who were hard pressed. 8. Caesar, 
having delayed a few hours, led his army to the bank of the river. 



42 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XXXIX 

Deponent Verbs : Third and Fourth Conjugations 

(New) § 190, «, c. 
(Old) § 135, a, c, 

VOCABULARY 

adorior, oriri, ortus sum, attack, fortuna, ae, f., fortune, 

commoveo, movere, movi, mo- noctu, by night. 

tum, alar7n. Oceanus, i, m., ocea7i. 

egredior, gredi, gressus sum, go patior, pati, passus sum, suffer; 

forth. allow. 

experior, periri, pertus sum, test., post, prep, with ace, after. 

try. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, follow. 

EXERCISES 

I. Bellum quod gesserunt celerrime confectum est. 2. Legio- 
nes ex castris noctu egredientes vidimus. 3. Num Catilinam 
bellum contra patriam gerere patiemur? 4. Imperium Roma- 
num ab Oceano ad ultimas terras pertinuit. 5. Domos suas 
reliquerunt ut fortunam belli experirentur. 6. Post eius mortem 
id, quod constituerant, facere conati sunt. 7. Helvetii, his 
rebus commotT, nuntios ad eum de pace miserunt. 8. Hi, 
novissimum agmen adorti, multa milia passuum sequebantur. 

I. The leader will test the loyalty and valor of the legions. 
2. Caesar encouraged all the tribunes of the soldiers. 3. You 
have lost your fortunes and have suffered many injuries. 

4. They follow us by night and fiercely attack our camp. 

5. Caesar allowed them neither to surrender themselves nor 
to flee. 6. After their flight the army was ordered to go forth 
from the town. 7. He wifl encamp near the ocean in order that 
his soldiers may guard the coast. 8. Because we are alarmed 
by these letters, we shall withdraw our men from the place. 



PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 43 

LESSON XL 

Periphrastic Conjugations 

(New) §§ 194, a,b,c\ 195 ; 196 ; 374, a. 
(Old) §§ 129; 232, note. 

VOCABULARY 

arx, arcis, f., citadel. late, widely; longe lateque, far 

comes, comitis, m., companio7i. a7td wide. 

communio, munire, munivi, mu- mane, early in the morning. 

nitum, fortify. pateo, patere, patui, be open; be clear. 

firmus, a, um, strong. proficiscor, ficisci, f ectus sum^set out. 

Hispania, ae, f., Spain. templum, i, n., temple. 

EXERCISES 

I. Adventus ducis vobis omnibus exspectandus est. 2. Fir- 
mum praesidium in arce relictiiri sumus. 3. Audesne, Catilina, 
in hoc templum venire? 4. Postridie mane castra nostra 
communienda erant. 5. Portae diii clausae erant, sed nunc 
patent. 6. Copiae Catilinae Italiam longe lateque vastaturae 
erant. 7. Quidam in senatii semper dicebat, *^ Carthago delenda 
est." 8. Cum paucis comitibus amicisque ad Hispaniam pro- 
ficisci cupio. 

I. Caesar was about to burn the villages far and wide. 2. All 
these things ought to be avoided by brave men. 3. This tribe 
was the strongest and most powerful of all Spain. 4. The tem- 
ples of the immortal gods must be defended by the citizens. 
5. His plans were clear both to the senate and to the whole 
Roman people. 6. The infantry were about to set out early in 
the morning without baggage. 7. On account of his father's 
death my companion will remain at home. 8. In order that 
we may keep off the enemy, the citadel must be fortified. 



44 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XLI 

Irregular Verbs : Possum, Fero 

(New) §§ 198, b\ 200, a. 
(01d)§§ 137,3; 139. 

VOCABULARY 

affero, afferre, attuli, allatum, bring, fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear, bring, 

circiter, adv. and prep, with ace, labor, oris, m., labor. 

about. meridies, diei, m., noon. 

confero, conferre, contuli, coUa- perfero, ferre, tuli, latum, ^^«z/^jy 

tum, bring together. endure. 

deligo, ligere, legi, lectum, choose. possum, posse, potui,^;;/ able'., can. 

discessus, iis, m., departure. secundus, a, um, second. 

EXERCISES 

I. Postridie litterae ab Ariovisto allatae sunt. 2. Circiter 
meridiem ex castris profectus est. 3. In proximum oppidum 
sua omnia conferent. 4. Mille homines ex omnibus copiTs deli- 
gendi erant. 5 . Fama de Caesaris discessu per castra perfertur. 

6. Secunda acies sola impetum hostium sustinere potuisset. 

7. Helvetii secuti impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt. 

8. Milites miseri laborem belH aut fugae ferre non poterant. 

I. The fear of war brings disaster to the commonwealth. 
2. That man is able to endure very severe labors. 3. I sent a 
letter to you concerning my hope of safety. 4. The Aeduans 
will not be able to bring together the grain. 5 . At noon the 
Germans suddenly made an attack from all sides. 6. The 
departure of the ships was hindered by the violence of the sea. 
7. The centurions of this cohort were chosen by the soldiers 
themselves. 8. He encamps about a mile from the allies in 
order that his soldiers may bring aid to them. 



IRREGULAR VERBS 45 

LESSON XLII 
Irregular Verbs : Volo, Nolo, Malo 

(New) § 199. 
(Old) § 138. 

VOCABULARY 

aperio, perire, perui, pertum, <?/^;/. malo, malle, malm, J? refer. 

apertus, a, um, open, exposed. mora, ae, f., delay. 

consisto, sistere, stiti, halt, take nol5, nolle, nolui, be unwilling. 

a position. sub, prep, with ace, under; 
cur, why ? with abl., under, at the foot of 

latus, lateris, n., side, flank j ab (New, § 220 c, Old, § 152 <:). 

latere, on the flank. vinculum, i, n., chain. 

magnitudo, dinis, f., greatness, yo\o,NQ\\Q,YO\u\,wish, be willing. 

size. 

EXERCISES 

I. Caesar hostes sine mora adoriri vult. 2. Romae multos 
amicos in vinculis vidit. 3. Milites locum ubi constiterant 
relinquere nolebant. 4. Cur manere quam has insidias vitare 
maluisti ? 5 . Portas urbis aperient et imperio Caesaris se 
dedent. 6. In aperto loco prope fliimen paucae cohortes vide- 
bantur. 7. Magnitudo corporum German orum Romanis timo- 
rem attulit. 8. li qui sub monte consistunt ab aperto latere 
impetum facient. 

I. The letter ought to be opened without delay. 2. Crassus 
fortified one side of the camp with a ditch. 3. Shall we, the 
consuls, prefer to endure all these injuries? 4. After he came 
to these open places, he determined to halt. 5. Why are you 
unwilling to be under the power of the Roman people? 6. The 
captives, who are now in chains, are able to bear even this. 
7. About two thousand of the soldiers are said to be willing to 
follow him. 8. On account of the greatness of the danger 
many states are compelled to seek your aid. 



46 " LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XLIII 
Irregular Verbs : Eo, Fio 

(New) §§ 203, b\ 204, a, b. 
(Old) §§141,^; 142, «,^. 

VOCABULARY 

Alpes, Alpium, F. pi., Alps. patefacio, facere, feci, factum (pass. 

eo, ire, ii (ivi) , itum, go. patef 10), openj disclose. 

exeo, ire, ii, itum, ^^ out. queror,queri,questussum,^^;;^//^/;^. 

exsilium, i, n., exile. redeo, ire, ii, itum, return. 

fio, fieri, factus sum (pass, of Rhodanus, i, m., Rhone. 

facio), be inade^ be done; transeo, ire, ii, itum, cross, 

become; certior fio, be in- tum, then. 

formed. 

EXERCISES 

I. Sequani soli queri non ausi sunt. 2. Consul Catilinam in 
exsilium Ire iusserat. 3. Tu non fecisti ea quae fieri debuerunt. 
4. Helvetil omnia comparant ut ex finibus exeant. 5. Facinora 
eorum hominum omnibus nobis patef lebant. 6. Tum agmen 
Caesaris flumen Rhodanum transiit. 7. Per exploratores 
RomanI de hoc motu certiores flent. 8. Equites trans Alpes 
redeuntes a barbarls interfecti sunt. 

I. The lieutenant had gone into Gaul with the infantry. 

2. Then we commanded that the gates should be opened. 

3. Labienus will return to the Rhone with the cavalry. 4. Your 
brother became the leading man^ of the Aeduans. 5. Caesar, 
having set out from winter quarters, was crossing the Alps. 
6. Through very powerful friends Cicero was able to return 
from exile. 7. The ambassador complained concerning the 
injuries and crimes of the Germans. 8. Catiline is said to 
have gone out on the next day to the camp of the enemy. 

1 Use nominative case. 



DEFECTIVE AND IMPERSONAL VERBS 47 

LESSON XLIV 

Defective and Impersonal Verbs 

(New) §§ 205; 206 b\ 207; 208, 3, r, d. 
(Old) §§ 143, a,b,c\ 144 b\ 145; 146, b, c, d. 

VOCABULARY 

coepi, coepisse, began. licet, licere, licuit, it is permitted; 

creber, bra, brum, frequent^ {one^ 7nay, 

nu7nerous. oportet, oportere, oportuit, // is neces- 

fames, is, f., hu7iger. sary, it is proper j {one') ought. 

ineo, ire, ii, itum, enter; con- pagus, i, m., district, canton, 

s\\ium.inQ0,for7n a plan. praedor, ari, atus sum (intrans.), 

inopia, ae, f., want. plunder. 

inquam, say. tempestas, atis, F., storTn. 

EXERCISES 

I. Nautae vim tempestatis ferre non potuemnt. 2. Novas 
legiones in Gallia ulteriore conscribere oportebat. 3. Prmcipes 
ex his agris suos deducere coeperunt. 4. Crebra consilia contra 
Romanos ab hostibus inita sunt. 5 . Turn orabant ut sibi liceret 
ad domos suas redire. 6. Fame et inopia omnium rerum 
morari cogebantur. 7. Pliarimi homines eius pagi nobiscum se 
coniunxerunt. 8. " Egredimini," inquit, *' et praedamini per 
omnes partes provinciae." 

I. The auxiliaries had already begun to plunder far and 
wide. 2. He was said to be able to endure hunger and want. 

3. It is not only permitted, but it is also proper to say this. 

4. The great storms which followed kept our men in camp. 

5. *^ The enemy," says the messenger, ^' are now entering the 
city.'* 6. Caesar replied to the numerous embassies that had 
been sent. 7. The Sequanians were able to move their camp 
to a more suitable place. 8. All except this one canton were 
willing to send ambassadors. 



48 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON XLV 

Syntax of Adjectives and Pronouns 

(New) §§ 285, I, 2 ; 286 ; 288 ; 293 ; 295, a ; 302, c ; 145, note ; 305 ; 308 a. 
(Old) §§ id>6,a,b\ 188; 193; 194, a\ I97» ^; 98,3' ^^^^ 5 ^9^; 201 a. 

VOCABULARY 

ceteri, ae, a, the other; the rest. orbis, is, M., circle; orbis ter- 
communis, e, co7n7non.^ general. rarum, the world. 

e5, thither., to that place. rego, regere, rexi, rectum, 
medius, a, um, iniddle., middle of. rule. 

nihil, N., indecL, nothing; as adv., iillus, a, um (gen. -ius), any, 
not at all. 

EXERCISES 

I. Vestra civitas a principibus regebatur. 2. Ceteri viri 
clarissimi adesse nolebant. 3. Media fere nocte legionem eo 
proficisci iussit. 4. Nihil peius aut turpius est quam hoc facinus. 

5. Legiones se celeriter coniiinxerunt et eos adortae sunt. 

6. Fama eius calamitatis per orbem terrarum perlata est. 

7. Germani nee ullos obsides mittent nee pacem petent. 8. Tii 
contra commiinem patriam omnium nostrum coniurationem 
fecistl. 

I. The Roman people then ruled the world. 2. I am not at 
all disturbed by his recent speech. 3. The same things that 
you saw were seen by the rest. 4. You are ruling the tribes 
which I myself defeated. 5. In the general council each 
state promised many soldiers. 6. This war has been finished 
without any great slaughter. 7. He placed the reinforcements 
between the middle line (of battle) and the wings. 8. Caesar, 
after he saw the Gauls on the top of [summus] the hill, has- 
tened thither. 



SYNTAX OF NOMINATIVE 



Foundation of Rome 



49 



Romulus et Remus erant filii Martis del et Rheae Silviae, 
virginis Vestalis. Amulius, rex Albanorum, matrem in vincula 
coniecit, pueros autem in Tiberim abici iussit. Faustulus pastor 
eos invenit et uxori dedit. Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam 
inter pastores transegerunt. Postea urbem condiderunt, quam 
Romulus de suo nomine Romam vocavit. 

LESSON XLVI 

Agreement- of Nouns. — Syntax of Nominative and 

Vocative 

(New) §§ 281; 282; 283; 284; 339; 340. 

(Old) §§183; 184; 185, «; 173,1; 241. 

VOCABULARY 

Britannia, ae, f., Britain. ingens, ingentis, huge^ great. 

dominus, i, m., master. mercator, oris, m., trader. 

ferus, a, um, wild^ savage. morior, mori, mortuus sum, die. 

forum, i, n., the foru7n. numquam, never. 

EXERCISES 

I. Multl mercatores a feris gentibus caesi sunt. 2. Servi 
spe ingentis praedae ad vim incitabantur. 3. Postquam mor- 
tuus est, eius filius rex f actus est. 4. Caesar ex Gallia in Bri- 
tanniam navigavisse dicitur. 5. Ego consul te, Catilina, haec 
conficere numquam patiar. 6. Multa templa aliaque publica 
aedificia in foro Romano erant. 7. Haec reperta sunt a merca- 
toribus qui ad eas regiones ierant. 8. Imperavit ut alii dominos 
interficerent, alii domos incenderent. 

I. The traders desired to learn the customs of Britain. 
2. These cruel and savage men were compelled to flee. 3. The 
soldier found his companion dying in a narrow pass. 4. Cicero 
was called by the citizens the father of his country. 5. The 



50 LATIN LESSONS 

captives were led through the forum to a certain temple. 
6. We, the bravest of Caesar's soldiers, will never desert our 
commander. 7. Rewards ought to be given to a slave that is 
faithful to his master. 8. Does the huge size of the bodies of 
the Germans terrify you, soldiers? 

LESSON XLVII 

Syntax of Genitive 

(New) §§ 341; 342; 343, b\ 345, b\ 417; 346, a, I, 2, 3, 4, ^; 347; 348. 
(Old) §§ 213; 214, a I, c\ 215, b\ 252 a\ 216, a, i, 2, 3, 4, c\ 217. 

VOCABULARY 

ante, adv. and prep, with ace, before, odium, i, n., hatred. 

audacia, ae, f., boldness. Pompeius, i, m., Pouipey. 

conicio, icere, ieci, iectum, throw., hurl. sapiens, sapientis, wise. 

nemo, (neminis), m., no one. satis, adv., enough. 

EXERCISES 

I. Metus mortis non est sapientis. 2. Hi agri nunc pluris 
sunt quam ante fuerunt. 3. Nemo ceterorum haec mecum 
agere ausus est. 4. Crassus in hibernis satis praesidi relinquere 
constituit. 5 . Propter populi odium mercatores ex Gallia dis- 
ced ebant. 6. Pompeius quosdam homines summae audaciae 
eo miserat. 7. Ad extremis oras Galliae iter qulndecim dierum 
fecimus. 8. Socii Romanorum Gallos secuti tela coniecerunt. 

I. That beautiful house is my brother's. 2. Was he not the 
wisest of the Roman magistrates? 3. Caesar's speech filled 
the soldiers with hatred of Pompey. 4. The reinforcements 
had already come before his departure. 5. The enemy's forti- 
fications were not vigorously enough defended. 6. Meanwhile 
he allowed no one of them to hurl any weapon. 7. You ought 
to defend yourselves from the boldness of these men. 8. The 
consul, a man of great valor, had a fleet of a hundred ships. 



SYNTAX OF GENITIVE 5 I 

LESSON XLVIII 
Syntax of Genitive, Cofitinued 

(New) §§ 349, « ; 350 ; 352 ; 354, b. 
(Old) §§ 218, a\ 219; 220; 221, b, 

VOCABULARY 

condemns, are, avi, atum, coii- obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum, 

de7n7i^ convict. forget. 

cupidus, a, um, desirous., eager. paenitet, paenitere, paenituit, 

gloria, ae, p., glory. impers., it repeiitsj me paeni- 

maiores, maiorum, m. pL, ancestors. tet, / repent. 

memini, meminisse, defect., re- peritus, a, um, skilled. 

ineinber. 

EXERCISES 

I. Nonne gloriae populi Romani meministis? 2. Eos pae- 
nitebit consiliorum quae inierunt. 3. Recentium iniuriamm 
Helvetiorum oblivisci non potuit. 4. Cum tribus milibus arma- 
torum hominum ex castris exiit. 5 . Cupidi sumus nullius earum 
rerum quas pollicitus es. 6. Legatus hos viros conscribere 
mavult quod periti belli sunt. 7. Homo qui eius facinoris con- 
demnatus est in vincula conicietur. 8. Mai ores eorum haec 
facinora numquam commisissent. 

I. We shall never forget the slaughter of our children. 
2. The glory of our ancestors was greater than ours. 3. Wise 
men ought not to be eager for money. 4. This wicked man 
has not yet repented of his crime. 5. "We are waging war," 
says he, "for the general safety of all." 6. Two centurions of 
Caesar's army were condemned by the senate. 7. Pompey is 
said to have been most skilled in war and arms. 8. They 
remembered the road which we had shown to them before. 



52 LATIN LESSONS 

Sulla and Marius 

Postquam Sulla contra Mithridatem, regem Ponti, profectus 
est, Marius et Cinna ingressi urbem Romam nobilissimos ex 
senatu interfecerunt. Reliqui ex urbe fugientes ad Sullam 
venerunt et oraverunt ut patriam iuvaret. Ille in Italiam 
transiit, hostium exercitus vicit, etiam urbem ingressus est. 
Quattuor railia hominum, qui se dediderant, interfici iussit; 
duo milia equitum et senatorum proscripsit. 

LESSON XLIX 

Syntax of Dative 

(New) §§ 361; 362; 366, note i; ^6y \ 368, i; 370; 372. 
(Old) §§ 224; 225; 226, note i ; 227, e, i ; 228; 230. 

VOCABULARY 

c6nfido,fidere,fisussum,semi-dep., parco, parcere, peperci, parsum, 

trusty have confidence in. spare. 

infero, inferre, intuli, illatum, bring placeo, placere, placui, placitum, 

upon., inflict J bellum infero, please. 

7nake war on. praeficio, ficere, feci, fectum, 
itaque, therefore. place in cont7nand of. 

Nervii, orum, m. pi., Nervii. resisto, sistere, stiti, resist. 

EXERCISES 

I. Ei legation! Pompeius nihil respondit. 2. Nervii orabant 
ut a Caesare sibi parceretur. 3. Ante mediam noctem nobis 
consistere non licuit. 4. Galli equitibus magis quam peditibus 
confidebant. 5. Maiori parti eorum placet fortiinam belli ex- 
periri. 6. Itaque Caesar reliquis legionibus legatos praeficiet. 
7. Huic repentinae coniiirationi resistere non possumus. 8. Dux 
Germanorum multas iniiirias gentibus Gallicis intulerat. 



SYNTAX OF DATIVE 



S3 



I. Our ancestors had promised liberty to the slaves. 

2. The legions then began to resist the Nervii more bravely. 

3. A new name will be given to this place by Caesar. 4. The 
Helvetians often made war on the neighboring states. 5 . There- 
fore in this matter we shall spare neither labor nor danger. 
6. Caesar always trusted the tenth legion on account of its 
valor. 7. The severe punishment of Catiline and his compan- 
ions pleased the people. 8. He placed me in command of the 
ships which he had brought together. 

LESSON L 

Syntax of Dative, Continued 
(New) §§ 373, b ; 374, a\ 375 3 ; 376 ; 381, a ; 382, i, 2 ; 384. 
(Old) §§ 229, a\ 231, a\ 232, note, c\ 233, a, b\ 234, a\ 235. 

VOCABULARY 

desum, deesse, defui, defuturus, inimicus, a, um, unfriendly j ini- 
be wanting. micus, i, m., {personal) enemy. 

eripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, take iudex, iudicis, m., judge, 

away, rescue. primo, at first. 

impendeo, pendere, overhang; similis, e, like. 

threaten. videor, videri, visus sum (pass. 

of video), seem. 

EXERCISES 

I. Poenam quae sibi impendet non timent. 2. Ego tibi ami- 
cus sum, sed tu mihi inimicus. 3. Haec facere iudicibus non 
licet. 4. Egredere ex urbe et mihi hunc timorem eripe. 5. Arx 
defendenda est els quibus est magna virtus. 6. Discessus pedi- 
tum fugae similHmus esse videbatur. 7. Caesari omnia deerant 
quae auxilio exercitui erant. 8. 111! soli populo Romano bellum 
inferre posse mihi videntur. 



54 LATIN LESSONS 

I. This war was not like any of the other wars. 2. The cap- 
tives were rescued from the hands of the enemy. 3. The 
judges praised those who had spared their enemies. 4. He 
seems to us to have forgotten almost all his friends. 5. There- 
fore Caesar determined to choose this place for a camp. 6. The 
ships that are wanting must be procured by you immediately. 
7. A high mountain, which overhangs the road, is very near 
our camp. 8. At first the citizens were unwiUing to open the 
gates for the consul. 

LESSON LI 

Syntax of Accusative 

(New) §§ 387; 390, c; 391; 392; 393, a; 395; 396. 
(Old) §§ 237; 238, d; 239, I, a, note 2, 2, d, c, 240, a, 

VOCABULARY 

appello, are, avi, atum, ca/l. traduco, ducere, duxi, ductum, 
apud, prep, with ace, amono-, lead across. 

with. uxor, oris, f., wife. 

rogo, are, avi, atum, ask. vita, ae, f., life. 

sententia, ae, f., opinioii. vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, live. 

EXERCISES 

I. Caesar omnem equitatum pontem tradiixerat. 2. Postri- 
die in senatu eos sententiam rogavit. 3. Apud Helvetios hie 
vir pliirimum poterat. 4. Consul Catilmam hostem patriae 
appellavit. 5. Tertiam aciem praesidio novissimo agmini misit. 
6. In mea vita maiorem audaciam numquam vidi. 7. Hie non 
solum vivit, sed etiam in senatum venit. 8. Niintius de periculo 
uxoris liberorumque me certiorem facit. 

I. The Roman people elected Cicero consul. 2. By the 
Romans all these tribes are called Gauls. 3. This one thing I 
now wish to ask you. 4. Near this hill Pompey's forces resisted 



SYNTAX OF ABLATIVE 



55 



the enemy. 5. The wife of that cruel man lived a most 
wretched life. 6. What is the opinion of the judges concern- 
ing this crime? 7. Among our ancestors there were many wise 
and famous men. 8. After the departure of the ambassadors 
he led his army across the river. 

Aeneas 

Aeneas cum multis Troianis, quibus ferrum Graecorum 
pepercerat, ex Asia fugit et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi rex eum 
benigne recepit et Laviniam filiam in matrimonium dedit. 
Deinde Aeneas urbem condidit, quam Lavinium appellavit. 
Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius, eius filius, regnavit. 

LESSON LII 

Syntax of Ablative 

(New) §§ 399 ; 400 ; 401 ; 403, a ; 404, c ; 405, note 2 ; 406 ; 407. 
(Old) §§ 242 ; 243, a ; 244, a ; 245, c ; 246, remark ; 247, a. 

VOCABULARY 

accipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, re- diligentia, ae, f., diligence. 

ceive. libero, are, avi, atum,yr^^. 

causa, ae, f., cause ; abl. causa, nascor, nasci, natus sum, be born. 

for the sake of. praetor, oris, m., praetor. 

consultum, i, n., decree. vix, scarcely^ with difficulty. 

EXERCISES 

I. Pueri diligentia omnibus laudandi sunt. 2. Consul patre 
nobilissimo natus est. 3. Eorum manus telaque a te vix conti- 
nebam. 4. Res piiblica summis belli periculls liberata est. 
5. Quis iiistior aut fidelior hoc praetore esse potest? 6. Ibi tres 
legiones a Caesare praesidi causa relictae erant. 7. Senatus con- 
sul to ei qui contra patriam pugnaverant interfecti sunt. 8. Ilia 
calamitate libertatem amisimus quam a maioribus accepimus. 



56 LATIN LESSONS 

I. I am willing to receive many wounds for your sake. 

2. Nothing is dearer to you than your wives and children. 

3. Caesar is said to have been born of very famous ancestors. 

4. Scarcely a third part of the army was rescued from that 
danger. 5 . He was able to find out from you the cause of his 
friend's death. 6. By a decree of the senate another legion 
was enrolled by the praetor. 7. It is necessary to endure all 
these things for the sake of the commonwealth. 8. Because 
of your diligence the state will be freed from the fear of 
danger. 

LESSON LIII 

Syntax of Ablative, Continued 

(New) §§ 409, d; ; 410; 412; 413; 414; 415, «; 416; 418, <^. 

(Old) §§ 248, a,c\,2\ 249 ; 250 ; 251, « ; 252 ; 253 ; 245 a, i. 

VOCABULARY 

celetHas, atis, f., speed. praesto, stare, stiti, stitum, 
4ignus, a, 11m, worthy. excel. 

incredibilis, e, incredible. utor, uti, usus sum, use., enjoy. 

ingenium, i, n., genius., ability. vendo, vendere, vendidi, ven- 
paulum, adv., a little j paulo, by a ditum, sell, 

little^ a little. 

EXERCISES 

I. Rex Caesari patriam pecunia vendidit. 2. Fossa corpori- 
bus militum completa est. 3. Haec summa diligentia nobis 
gerenda erant. 4. Ille facinora poena gravissima digna com- 
miserat. 5. Aedul auxiHo popull Romani saepe utebantur. 
6. Equites Belgarum incredibili celeritate fugerunt. 7. Hie 
legatus, egregia fide, omnibus ingenio praestat. 8. Paulo post 
mediam noctem cum duabus legionibus profectus est. 



SYNTAX OF ABLATIVE 



57 



I. Our ships excelled these in speed. 2. Was there a man of 
greater ability than Caesar? 3. Pompey will sell the slaves 
that he has with him. 4. This road is five miles longer than 
the other. 5. Your incredible valor is worthy of the greatest 
rewards. 6. Caesar with all his forces crossed the Alps by a 
shorter road. 7. Because of the speed of the enemy's cavalry 
we shall not be able to use our javeHns. 8. The Gauls, having 
gone forth a little from the town, attacked them with great 
violence. 

LESSON LIV 
Syntax of Ablative, Continued: Ablative Absolute 

(New) §§ 4i9»«; 420. 
(Old) § 255, a, d, 

VOCABULARY 

atque, and. natura, ae, f., nature. 

despero, are, avi, atum, ^^jr^^/r ^. quidem, indeed; ne . . . quidem, 

incendium, i, ^.^fire. not even (New, § 322 f\ 

modus, i, M., manner^ kind. Old, § 151 ^). 

multum, adv., muchj multo, vetus, veteris, old, 
much^ by far. 

EXERCISES 

I. Desperata salute,^ omnes praetori se dediderunt. 2. Mea 
patria mihi vita ipsa multo carior est. 3. Ipse, natura loci 
cognita, sex cohortes ibi reliquit. 4. Eo mortuo, filii domum 
agrosque vendere studebant. 5. Ne veteribus quidem legibus 
dignus eius modi poena fuisset. 6. His rebus cognitis, nos- 
tri sine impedimentis mane discesserunt. 7. Catilina orbem 

1 The ablative absolute is frequently equivalent to a clause intro- 
duced by when^ after ^ since^ etc. ; and this clause is often in the active 
voice. 



58 LATIN LESSONS 

terrarum caede atque incendiis vastare cupiebat. 8, Pompeio 
et Crasso consulibus, senatus eum socium atque amicum ap- 
pellaverat. 

I . This must be done in the same manner. 2 . I shall not 
complain much as long as you are safe.-^ 3. Ought we to trust 
a man by nature wicked arid cruel? 4. Having reported these 
things, they went forth with great uproar. 5. Not even the 
immortal gods will aid you in this matter. 6. When the city 
was burned, a few were rescued from the fire. 7. After the old 
army was routed, a new commander finished the war. 8. Since 
they despaired of victory, by far the largest part of them sought 
safety in flight. 

Conspiracy of Catiline 

M. TulHo Cicerone et C. Antonio consulibus, L. Catilina, 
vir generis nobilissimi, sed ingeni pessimi, contra patriam con- 
iuravit cum quibusdam claris sed audacibus viris. A Cicerone 
ex urbe pulsus est, socii eius capti in carcere necati sunt. Ab 
Antonio, altero consule, Catilina proelio victus est et interfectus. 

LESSON LV 

Constructions of Time and Place 

(New) §§ 423, I, 2 ; 425 ; 426, i, 2, 3 ; 427, i, 2, 3 ; 429 a. 

(Old) §§ 256, I, 2 ; 257 ; 258, I, 2, a, b, c, i, 2, g. 

VOCABULARY 

aestas, alls, f., summer. rursus, again. 

inferior, ius, lower. spatium, i, n., distance; inter- 

memoria, ae, f., ineinory. val. 

pes, pedis, m., foot. tempus, temporis, n., time. 

progredior, gredi, gressus sum, advance. 

1 Use ablative absolute. 



SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES 59 

EXERCISES 

I. Legatio totam aestatem Athenis manebit. 2. Quinque 
diebus domo rursus proficiscemur. 3. Num copiae hostium 
magnum spatium absunt? 4. Ex inferiore loco tela facile 
conicere non poterant. 5. In his locis muri decern pedibus 
altiores sunt. 6. Tertia hora Caesar in aequiorem locum 
progreditur. 7. Veterum iniuriarum memoria legates Romam 
non miserunt. 8. Numquam ante hoc tempus exercitus Roma- 
nus ex provincia exierat. 

I. These old friends lived many years at Rome. 2. In this 
interval some preferred to return home. 3. The Belgians forti- 
fied the town with a ditch fifteen feet wide. 4. The alHes 
again went forth from Corinth and attacked the enemy. 5 . At 
about the same time the enemy's cavalry were seen in our 
camp. 6. Within the memory of our fathers this tribe had 
defeated the Romans. 7. In the middle of the summer Caesar 
withdrew his legions from Germany. 8. Having formed this 
plan, we advanced to the lower part of the hill. 

LESSON LVI 

Subjunctive in Independent Sentences 

(New) §§ 439; 441; 442; 444; 446; 450. 
(Old) §§ 266, remark; 267, b\ 268; 269 ^, i, 2; 311 a. 

VOCABULARY 

aggredior, gredi, gressus sum, sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum, take. 

attack. swp-plicium.^ij^.y pu7iis/ime 71 ty sumo 

commemoro, are, avi, atum, supplicium de, mjti'ct pums/iment 

mention, on. 

ne, not. utinam, would that ! 

quid, why ? vigilia, ae, f., watch. 



6o LATIN LESSONS 

EXERCISES 

I. Vitam civium tegere non potuissent. 2. Quid faciam? 
Amici me deseruerunt. 3. Nolite parcere eis qui nobis inimici 
fuerunt. 4. Ne utamur his gladiis pro pessimo consule. 5. Uti- 
nam quid em satis auxili ad vos misissemus 1 6. Quid omnes 
causas huius calamitatis commemorem? 7. Tertia vigilia ab 
latere aperto Belgas aggrediantur. 8. Senatus more maiorum 
summum supplicium de te sumat. 

I . Would that my father were present among us ! 2 . Let 
them not take a large part of the booty for themselves. 

3. Why should we not inflict punishment on our enemies? 

4. May the immortal gods always protect this commonwealth. 

5. Do not forget the recent slaughter of your wives and chil- 
dren. 6. I should be unwilling to mention the injuries that we 
have received. 7. When the council has been called together, 
let us ask each one his opinion. 8. Having opened the gates, 
we would have attacked the Gauls before the second watch. 



LESSON LVII 

Sequence of Tenses. — Clauses of Purpose 

(New) §§ 482, I, 2; 483; 484, a, b\ 469; 485 e\ 530; 531, i, 2, a. 
(Old) §§ 285, I, 2; 286, remark; 276 d\ 287 e\ 317, i, 2, b. 

VOCABULARY 

circumvenio, venire, veni, ven- postea, afterwards. 

turn, surround. quo, that^ in order that. 

maritimus, a, um, maritime; trado, dere^didi, ditum., deliver up. 

ora maritima, sea-coast. triduum, i, n., three days. 

ne, that . . . not^ lest. victor, oris, m., conqueror. 



CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 6l 



EXERCISES 



I. Romam veniunt ut me videant. 2. Romam venerunt ut 
me viderent. 3. Nervii fugiebant ne a nostris circumvenirentur. 
4. Nuntios mittimus qui maritimas civitates incitent. 5. Mllites 
cohortatur quo hostibus acrius resistant. 6. Postea arma quae 
in vicum collata erant tradiderunt. 7. Quo maior virtus militi- 
bus esset, Caesar praemia pollicitus erat. 8. Victores spatium 
tridui morati sunt ut oram maritimam pacarent. 

I. I shall write in order to praise^ my friend. 2. I had 
written in order to praise my friend. 3. Caesar will leave one 
legion to defend the sea-coast. 4. The band which he led out 
from Rome was afterwards surrounded. 5. Three days before, 
we had sent two cohorts to plunder the fields. 6. The allies 
advance with great speed in order that the conquerors may 
not burn the town. 7. When the arms and baggage had been 
delivered up, the Belgians sought peace. 8. They fortified the 
camp with a rampart in order that they might more easily 
keep off the enemy. 

Hannibal 

Hannibal post mortem patris equitatui praefuit. Hasdrubale 
quoque interfect5, imperator totius exercitus factus est. Omnes 
gentes Hispaniae bello subegit atque Saguntum vi expugnavit. 
Maximis copiis comparatis, in Italiam profectus est ut bellum 
cum Romanis gereret. Postquam ad Alpes venit, quas nemo 
cum exercitu ante eum transierat, gentes quae prohibere trans- 
itu conatae sunt superavit. Copias traduxit et compluribus 
proeliis Romanos vicit. 

1 The infinitive must never be used in Latin to express purpose. 



62 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON LVIII 

Clauses of Result. — Clauses of Characteristic 

(New) §§ 537, I, 2,a,c\ 538; 535, a, b. 
(Old) §§ 319, I, 2, ^, remark ; 320, a^ b. 

VOCABULARY 

auctoritas, atis, f., authority^ tarn, so. 

influence. tantus, a, um, so great^ so much. 

effugio, fugere, fugi, escape. tot, indecL, so many. 

ita, so. ut, so that^ that. 
plebs, plebis, f., co^mnon people. 

EXERCISES 

I. Ego non is sum qui gloriae cupidus sim. 2. Ne com- 
memoremus iniurias quas nobis intulit. 3. Nihil subsidi erat 
quod ad eum mitti posset. 4. Belgae erant soli qui victores a 
finibus prohiberent. 5 . Castra ita def endemus ut hostes expug- 
nare non possint. 6. Caesar tot legiones coegerat ut Pompeius 
eis resistere non auderet. 7. Equites tarn fortiter piigna- 
verunt ut nemo hostium effugeret. 8. Apud plebem erat tantae 
auctoritatis ut omnes ei maxime confiderent. 

I. There is no tribe that the Romans have not overcome. 
2. Who is there that does not wish to live many years? 3. So 
great was the speed of our cavalry that they excelled all. 4. Is 
your father so cruel as to desire to drive you from home? 
5. The traders were so terrified that they departed the same 
night. 6. The rest were trying to escape that they might not 
be killed by the barbarians. 7. The leader was so dear to the 
common people that we feared his influence. 8. He will 
station so many soldiers there that the Aeduans will not be 
able to advance. 



SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES 63 

LESSON LIX 

Substantive Clauses. — Clauses with quin and Quominus 

(New) §§ 561,^^; 563; 564; 566; 568; 569,1,2; 570; 572; 558, «,^. 
(Old) §§ 329 ; 331, /, h ; 332, tf, i, 2 ; ii2> \ 3^9 ^» ^; ZZ'^. g, remark. 

vocabulary 

accido, cidere, cidi, happen. persuades, suadere, suasi, suasum, 

consuetudOj dinis, f., custom, persuade, 

dubito, are, avi, atum, doubt; quin, that. 

hesitate. quod, the fact that^ that. 

ef&cio, ficere, feci, fectum, bring quominus, that not ^ from. 

about. 

EXERCISES 

I . His rebus acciderat ut pauci incolumes effugerent. 2 . Time- 
bamus ut tempestatem vitare possemus. 3. Hoc me commovet, 
quod tantum auctoritatis iini datum est. 4. His persuasum est 
ut paulo ante tertiam vigiliam redirent. 5. Caesar efficiet ut 
commeatus sine mora ad se portari possit. 6. Legati non 
dubitant quin Romani Aeduis libertatem erepturi sint. 7. Apud 
illos haec consuetudo erat, ut finitimas gentes iuvarent. 
8. Nihil est quod nos impediat quominus cum eis pacem con- 
firmemus. 

I. I fear that you will persuade my friends to desert me. 

2. It was their custom to demand that hostages be given. 

3. The king commands his men not to encamp near the 
swamp. 4. What hindered them from attacking the enemy 
with great violence? 5. It often happened that a great multi- 
tude heard Cicero in the forum. 6. He did not doubt that the 
judges would inflict punishment on the captives. 7. He had 
brought it about that his men did not hesitate to sustain our 
attack. 8. Nothing is more disgraceful than this, that we have 
delivered up our children (as) hostages. 



64 LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON LX 

Causal Clauses 

(New) § 540, I, 2, a, c, d. 
(Old) §321, \,2,b,C. 

VOCABULARY 

adduce, ducere, duxi, ductum, propterea, on this account. 

bring; induce. quoniam, since. 

con^icio^oms^Y., co7idition^ tenns. regnum, i, n., royal power, 
cum, since. kingdom. 

decerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, de- suscipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, 

cree. ufidertake. 

EXERCISES 

I. Quae^ cum ita sint, quid dubites in exsilium exire? 
2. Senatus decrevit ut consul bellum susciperet. 3. Principibus 
facile persuaserunt ut regnum occuparent. 4. Nemi reliquos 
accusabant qui Romanis se dedidissent. 5. Nulla condicione 
adduci potuerunt ut agros venderent. 6. Belgae maxime feri 
sunt omnium propterea quod longissime absunt. 7. Quoniam 
German! copias Rhenum tradiicunt, omnes cives armemus. 
8. Aedui, quod premerentur, legatos miserunt qui Caesarem 
auxilium rogarent. 

I. He fled from his kingdom because the army had been 
defeated. 2. Caesar commanded that hostages should be 
brought to him. 3. They are coming through our province 
'because they have no other road. 4. We do not doubt that 
the terms of peace will be most favorable. 5. Since they were 
in sight of Caesar, the cavalry advanced with greater speed. 
6. It was decreed that the severest punishment be inflicted on 
them. 7. They will undertake the matter on this condition, 

1 These things. See (New) § 308/; (Old) § 201 e. 



CONCESSIVE CLAUSES 65 

that they receive great rewards. 8. Since the march of our 
army was hindered by the swamps, the enemy easily escaped. 

POMPEY SUBDUES THE PiRATES AND MiTHRIDATES 

Cum praedones omnia maria infestarent, ut Romanis navi- 
gatio tuta non esset, Pompeius huic bello praefectus est. Quod 
intra paucos menses maxima celeritate confecit. Postea el 
bellum etiam contra regem Mithridatem decretum est. Quo 
suscepto, Mithridatem nocturno proeUo vicit, castra diripuit, 
quadraginta mflia eius miHtum occidit. Mithridates ipse cum 
uxore et duobus comitibus fugit. 

LESSON LXI 

Concessive Clauses. — Clauses of Proviso 

(New) §§527,^; 549; 528. 
(Old) §§313,^,^; 314. 

VOCABULARY 

colloquium, i, n., conference. quamquam, although. 

cum, though. retineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, de- 

&yiaimo^o, provided that. tain^ keep. 

opus, operis, n., work. tamen, yet^ nevertheless, 

praesertim, especially. 

EXERCISES 

I. Cum locum colloquio iam delegeris, ad esse non potero. 

2. Aeduos accusabat, praesertim cum bellum pro eis suscepisset. 

3. Vos riirsus aggrediemur propterea quod obsides nondummisis- 
tis. 4. Quamquam hi sunt tui inimici, efficiam ut tibi parcant. 
5. Cum legatls praesidium pollicitus esset, tamen retenti et 
caesi sunt. 6. Patria magno perlculo liberabitur, dummodo 
Catilina suos secum educat. 7. Cum acriter pugnatum esset, 
nostrl ab opere discedere coacti sunt. 8. Quamquam tanta 
auctoritas in te erat, tamen tibi ea uti non licebat. 



66 LATIN LESSONS 

I. Though the town was captured, the Belgians kept part of 
their arms. 2. Althqugh you have made war on us, yet we 
shall make peace with you. 3. Why should we hesitate to aid 
them, especially since they are our allies? 4. Though they 
were hindered by storms, they finished the work in a short 
time. 5 . I shall return about noon, provided that your master 
remains at home. 6. Though they had not been defeated, 
yet they sent hostages the next winter. 7. The leaders will not 
come to the conference, because they do not trust him. 8. Al- 
though our camp was three miles away, we heard the uproar in 
the citadel. 

LESSON LXII 
Temporal Clauses 

(New) §§ 543; 545; 546, notes 1,3; 547; 551,^, ^,r; 553; 555; 556. 
(Old) §§ 324; 325, c\ 327, a-, 328, a. 

VOCABULARY 

accedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, parum, adv., little, too little j comp. 
approach. minus, less; sup. minime, least, 

cum, when. priusquam, before. 

dum, while; until. ubi, when. 

nonnuUus, a, um, some, vadum, i, n., ford. 

EXERCISES 

I. Cum Galli progress! sunt, nonnullae cohortes fugerunt. 
2. Contendimus ut eos aggrederemur priusquam eifugere pos- 
sent. 3. Nobis non exspectandum est dum copiae hostium 
augeantur. 4. Non constiterunt priusquam ad vada fluminis 
pervenerunt. 5. Ubi impedimenta nostra ab els visa sunt, 
impetum subito fecerunt. 6. Cum proelium committet, cohor- 
tes minime firmas in hiberms relinquet. 7. Dum haec in 
colloquio geruntur, Germani nostros circumvenire conabantur. 
8. Cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque ibi poneret, omnes 
pacem petierunt. 



CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 67 

I. He will write you a letter before he goes to Rome. 

2. When Cicero delivers a speech, all men desire to hear him. 

3. After the works were finished, the soldiers were kept in the 
camp. 4. He waited for four hours until the rest of the ships 
came together. 5. When Caesar approached, some tried to 
cross the river by the ford. 6. The Nervii led out their forces 
before our line of battle was drawn up. 7. While he was delay- 
ing for the sake of supplies, the enemy besieged the town. 
8. Since they have no cavalry, they can less easily keep off the 
neighboring tribes. 

LESSON LXIII 

Conditional Clauses 

(New) §§5i2,fl! 1513, I, 2; 514 (entire); 515,^; 516, \,2,a,b,c\ 517; 527 <^- 
(Old) §§ 304, a,d,\,2\ 305 (entire) ; 306, ^ ; 307 , i, 2, «, b, c\ 308 ; 313 c. 

VOCABULARY 

beneficium, i, n., kindness. quis, quid, any one, anything 

etsi, althotigh. (New, § 149 b ; Old, 

gratia, ae, f., favor; influence. § 105 ^). 

nisi, if not, unless. si, if. 

obtineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, obtain. ut, with indicative, as. 

EXERCISES 

I . SI quid vultis, redite triduo. 2 . Si id f eceris, gratia atque 
amicitia nobis tecum erit. 3. Hoc beneficium non acciperet, 
si f rater meus viveret. 4. Si hoc et vidisti et audisti, cur nun- 
tiare dubitavisti? 5. Ne iinus quidem effiigisset, nisi subsidium 
missum esset. 6. Si quid Romanis accidat, per Helvetios 
regnum facile obtineamus. 7. Etsi multo maiorem exercitum 
habebat, tamen suos a proelio continuit. 8. Hie pagus, ut 
ante demonstravimus, circiter decem milia passuum aberat. 



68 LATIN LESSONS 

I. If we follow you, will you lead us home? 2. Even if you 
should forget my kindness, I would aid you. 3. If any one of 
you fears the enemy, let him remain in the camp. 4. If the 
labor were greater, I should not be able to endure it. 5. He 
himself, as I have said, would have obtained the highest power 
in his own state. 6. If this had been done, he would now have 
great influence among the common people. 7. Although 
Caesar had not yet learned their plans, yet he led his army 
across the river. 8. You would have lost all your fortunes, if 
we had not placed Pompey in command of the army. 

Caesar's Conquest of Gaul 

C. liilius Caesar cum L. Bibulo consul factus est. Cum ei 
Gallia cum decem legionibus decreta esset, eo profectus est. 
Primo Helvetios vicit, deinde Ariovistum, regem Germanorum, 
aggressus proelio superavit. Domuit autem novem annis omnem 
fere Galliam, quae est inter Alpes, fliimen Rhodanum, Rhenum, 
et Oceanum. Britannis bellum intulit, quibus ante eum ne 
nomen quidem Romanorum cognitum erat, et eos quoque 
victos, obsidibus acceptis, stipendiarios fecit. 

LESSON LXIV 
Indirect Questions. — The Infinitive 

(New) §§ 573; 574; 575»^; 452; 454; 45^. 
(Old) §§ 334,^; 270, ^; 271. 

VOCABULARY 

consuesco, suescere, suevi, suetum, paulatim, gradually. 

become accustomed j perf., be quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quae- 

accustomed. situm, inquire. 

invitus, a, um, unwilling.^ against quantus, a, um, how great. 

one''s will. revertor, reverti, (reverti, perf. 

ostendo, tendere, tendi, tentum, act.), return. 

show. servitus, utis, f., slavery. 



INDIRECT QUESTIONS. — THE INFINITIVE 69 

EXERCISES 

I. Ille consuevit omnes captivos in servitutem tradere. 

2. Postquam legati reverterunt, ostendit quid fieri vellet. 

3. Ariovistum a populo Romano impediri non oportet. 4. Ab 
his quaerit quantas copias comparare possint. 5 . Caesari 
placuit milites paulatim progredi^ iubere. 6. Cognoscemus qui- 
bus ex civitatibus socii venturl sint. 7. Cum Helvetii, Caesare 
invito, flumen transirent, eos sequi constituit. 8. Si Romani 
adfuissent, Germanos diripere oppida non passi essent. 

I. Men often become accustomed to bear great labor. 

2. They will inquire what the senate has determined to do. 

3. Therefore Cicero will be permitted to return from exile. 

4. The consuls saw how great a disaster threatened the com- 
monwealth. 5 . We asked them why they endured this disgrace- 
ful slavery. 6. It is difficult to compel m^ against my will to 
undertake this matter. 7. I showed them how great a multi- 
tude of men the enemy were bringing together. 8. When 
Caesar's approach was reported, the enemy began gradually 
to retreat. 

1 The verbs iubeo, cogo, patior, and a few others, take as object an 
infinitive with subject accusative. When these verbs are used in the 
passive, the object infinitive becomes complementary. 



JO LATIN LESSONS 

LESSON LXV 

Indirect Discourse 

(New) §§ 578; 579; 580; 581; 582; 584. 
(Old) §§ 335; 336, I, 2, tf I, 2 ; 330 ^ I ; 336 A. , 

VOCABULARY 

arbitror, ari, atus sum, think. intellego, legere, lexi, lectum, ^;/^7£/, 
consequor, sequi, secutus sum, understand. 

overtake; gain. par, paris, equal. 

existim5, are, avi, atum, think, scio, scire, scivi, scitum, know. 

consider. spero, are, avi, atum, hope. 
initium, i, n., beginning. 

EXERCISES 

I. ** Gain," inquit nuntius, " oppidum oppugnant." 2. Nun- 
tius dicit Gallos oppidum oppugnare. 3. Speramus socios fore 
magnae virtutis. 4. Nostros Belgis pares esse viribus sciebat. 
5. Exercitum a barbaris iam pulsum esse cognovit. 6. HelvetiT 
se angustos fines habere arbitrabantur. 7. Dixit se intellegere 
equites initium fugae fecisse. 8. Caesar existimavit se reliquas 
copias hostium consequi posse. 

I. The tenth legion is the bravest of all. 2. Caesar con- 
sidered that^ the tenth legion was the bravest of all. 3. We 
know that the city has been taken by the enemy. 4. The 
praetor hoped that the alHes would quickly send him aid. 

5 . It is said that through you they easily gained their liberty. 

6. They thought that an equal number of legions was being 
enrolled. 7. Caesar is said to have mentioned this at the be- 
ginning of his speech. 8. He understood that they had been 
compelled to return on account of the want of grain. 

1 The conjunction that, introducing the principal clause in indirect 
discourse, must never be translated. 



INDIRECT DISCOURSE 71 

LESSON LXVI 

. Indirect Discourse, Contimied 

(New) §§ 580; 583; 584; 585; 586; 588; 590- 
(OM) §§ 336, 2, ^; 336 a; 336 B ; 338; 339. 

VOCABULARY 

amplius, more. ordo, ordinis, m., order^ ra7tk, 

dimitto, mittere, misi, missum, potestas, atis, f., power. 

send; dismiss. puto, are, avi, atum, think. 

incolo, colere, colui, inhabit., dwell. sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, 

ius, iuris, n., rights law. perceive. 

EXERCISES 

I. Nuntiat milites nullo certo ordine egredi quod perturbati 
sint. 2. Caesar dixit, si pace uti vellent, obsides statim mit- 
terent. 3. Cognovit suos, cum amplius sex horis pugnatum 
esset, pulsos (esse). 4. Certiores fiunt Germanos, qui trans 
Rhenum incolunt, in armis esse. 5. Concilio dimisso, sensit 
principes non factiiros (esse) ea quae polliciti essent. 6. Fama 
erat eum, quamquam iure condemnatus esset, tuo beneficio 
ereptum (esse). 7. Ariovistus respondit se Gallis bellum non 
intulisse. Cur in suos fines Caesar veniret? 8. Id sibi susci- 
piendum (esse) putabat, quod intellegeret oppida nostra in 
potestate eorum esse. 

I. He said that the enemy could not attack us while we 
remained in the town. 2. They think that they will come into 
our power if they do not give hostages. 3. I understand that 
there are some men in the state who have been friendly to 
Catihne. 4. We heard that the tribunes had been sent to find 
out why you were unwilling to come. 5. Do you know that 
the Belgians inhabit that part of Gaul which is nearest to 
Germany? 6. He says that the centurions of all ranks have 



72 LATIN LESSONS 

come together in order to discuss these things. 7. Caesar 
perceived that the place, which was not more than two miles 
away, was by nature suitable for a camp. 8. The king had 
replied that it was the law of war that the captives should 
deliver up their arms to the conquerors. 

Assassination of Caesar 

Caesar, bellls civilibus confectis, Romam rediit. Agere inso- 
lentius coepit et contra consuetiidinem hbertatis Romanae. 
Quare in eum coniuratum est a sexaginta amplius senatoribus 
equitibusque Romanis, Briito et Cassio ducibus, et eum Idibus 
Martiis in senatii confodere decretum. Itaque Caesar, cum eo 
die inter ceteros in curiam venisset, tribus et viginti vulneribus 
confossus est. 

LESSON LXVII 

Participles. — Gerundive. — Gerund. — Supine 

(New) §§ 1 55, a, by c ; 496; 500, 2 ; 501 ; 502 ; 503, a ; 506, note 2 ; 509; 510. 
(Old) §§ 109, «, <5, <:; 292; 294,^; 295; 296; 300, note; 302; 303. 

VOCABULARY 

facultas, atis, f., opportunity. paratus, a, um, ready, 

hiems, hiemis, f., winter. simul, at the same tiine. 

impetro, are, avi, atum, obtain studium, i, n., desire ; zeal. 

{by request). vereor, vereri, veritus sum, fear, 
opinio, onis, f., opinion; reputation. 

EXERCISES 

I. Simul dixerunt se ad bellum gerendum esse paratos. 2. His 
rebus cognitis, Caesar msidias veritus discedere constituit. 
3. Hanc opmionem victoria nostra confirmatam (esse) existi- 
mant. 4. Facultas per provinciam itineris faciendi Helvetiis ' 



PARTICIPLES 



73 



non danda est. 5. Crebrae legationes ad eum veniebant de 
iniuriis hostium questum. 6. Arbitrabamur pecuniam impe- 
trandam (esse) belli conficiendi causa. 7. Proxima hieme 
Galli spe praedandi studioque pugnandi convenerunt. 8. Si 
hoc optimum factii putarem, iinam horam eum vivere non 
paterer. 

I. Induced by the hope of gaining liberty, they excelled all 
in zeal. 2. By promising great rewards he increased his influ- 
ence among the people. 3. The consul, deserted by his friends, 
sought an opportunity of escaping. 4. At the same time he 
was informed that the rest of the ships were ready to sail. 
5. They hope that the messengers sent to Rome will obtain 
this from the senate. 6. Caesar hastened to the right wing to 
encourage the soldiers, because they feared the enemy. 7. After 
these things have been accomplished, we shall remain the 
whole winter in farther Gaul. 8. On account of the great 
reputation of the enemy for valor, the Aeduans come to him 
to seek aid. 



SELECTIONS FROM ROMAN HISTORY 

1. Foundation of Rome, 753 b.c. 

Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos filios reliquit, Numitorem 
et Amulium. Horum minor natu, Amulius, fratri optionem dedit, 
utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae pater reliquisset. 
Numitor paterna bona praetulit ; Amulius regnum obtinuit. 

Amulius, lit regnum firmissime possideret, Numitoris fllium 
per insidias interemit et flliam f ratris, Rheam Silviam, virginem 
Vestalem fecit. Nam his Vestae sacerdotibus non licet viro 
niibere. Sed haec a Marte geminos filios, Romulum et Remum, 
peperit. Hoc cum Amiilius comperisset, matrem in vincula 
coniecit, pueros autem in Tiberim abici iussit. 

Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam se effuderat, et, cum puerl in 
vado essent positi, aqua refluens eos in sicco reliquit. Ad 
eorum vagltum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. Quod 
videns Faustulus quTdam, pastor illius regionis, pueros sustuht, 
et uxorl Accae Larentiae nutriendos dedit. 

Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transegerunt. 
Cum adolevissent et forte comperissent, quis avus ipsorum, 
quae mater fuisset, Amulium interfecerunt, et Numitori avo 
regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem condiderunt in monte Aven- 
tino, quam Romulus de suo nomine Romam vocavit. Haec 
cum moenibus circumdaretur, Remus occisus est, dum fratrem 
irrldens moenia transilit. 

2. NUMA POMPILIUS, 715-673 B.C. 

Post Romull mortem unius anni interregnum fuit. Quo 
elapso, Numa Pompilius, Curibus, oppido in agro Sabinorum, 

75 



'je LATIN LESSONS 

natus, rex creatus est. Hic vir bellum quidem nullum gessit ; 
sed non minus tamen civitati profuit quam Romulus. Nam et 
leges dedit et sacra pliirima instituit, ut popull barbari et belli- 
cosl mores molliret. Aram Vestae consecravit, et ignem in 
ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. Omnia autem quae 
faceret se nymphae Egeriae, coniugis suae, monitu facere dice- 
bat. Morbo periit et in laniculo monte sepultus est. 

3. Servius Tullius, 578-534 B.C. 

Post Tarquinium Priscum Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, 
genitus ex nobili f emina, captiva tamen et famula. Cum in domo 
Tarquini educaretur, flamma in eius capite visa est. Hoc pro- 
digio Tanaquil ei summam dignitatem portend! intellexit, et 
coniugi persuasit, ut eum sicuti liberos suos educaret. Cum 
adolevisset, rex ei filiam in matrimonium dedit. 

Cum Priscus Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil de superiore 
parte domiis populum allocuta est, dicens : Regem grave qui- 
dem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse ; eum petere, ut populus, 
dum convaluisset, Servio Tullio oboediret. Sic Servius regnare 
coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Montes tres urbl 
adiiinxit. Primus omnium censum ordinavit. Sub eo Roma 
habuit capitum octoginta tria milia civium Romanorum cum 
eis qui in agris erant. 

4. Expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus, 510 b.c. 

Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus meruit. Bello 
tamen strenuus pliires finitimorum populorum vicit. Templum 
lovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, dum Ardeam oppiignat, 
urbem LatI, imperium perdidit. Nam cum filius eius Lucretiae, 
nobilissimae feminae, coniugi Tarquini Collatini, vim fecisset, 
haec se ipsa occidit in conspectii maritl, patris, amicorum, 
postquam eos obtestata est, ut banc iniiiriam ulciscerentur. 



SELECTIONS FROM ROMAN HISTORY 'jj 

Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Collatinus, aliique nonnulli in 
exitium regis coniuraverunt populoque persuaserunt ut ei 
portas urbis clauderet. Exercitus quoque, qui urbem Ardeam 
cum rege oppugnabat, eum reliquit. Itaque fugit cum uxore 
et llberis suis. Ita Romae regnatum est per septem reges 
annos ducentos quadraginta tres. 

5. Establishment of the Republic, 509 b.c. 

Hinc consules coepere pro uno rege duo crearl, ut, si unus 
malus esset, alter eum coerceret. Annuum iis imperium tribu- 
tum est, ne per diuturnitatem potestatis insolentiores redde- 
rentur. Fuerunt igitur anno primo, expulsis regibus, consules 
L. Junius Brutus, acerrimus libertatis vindex, et Tarquinius 
Collatinus, maritus Lucretiae. Sed CoUatino paulo post digni- 
tas detracta est. Placuerat enim, ne quis ex Tarquiniorum 
familia Romae maneret. Ergo cum omni patrimonio suo ex 
urbe migravit, et in eius locum Valerius Publicola consul factus 
est. 

6. The Decemvirs, 452-450 b.c 

Anno trecentesimo et altero ab urbe condita decemviri creati 
sunt, qui civitati leges scriberent. Hi primo anno bene egerunt ; 
secundo autem dominationem exercere coeperunt. Sed cum 
unus eorum, Appius Claudius, virginem ingenuam, Virginiam, 
centurionis filiam, corrumpere vellet, pater eam occidit. Turn 
ad milites profugit eosque ad seditionem commovit. Sublata 
est decemvirorum potestas, ipsique omnes aut morte aut 
exsilio puniti sunt. 

7. Capture of Rome by the Gauls, 390 b.c 

Postea Galli Senones ad urbem venerunt, Romanes apud 
fliimen AUiam vicerunt, urbem etiam occupaverunt. lam nihil 



78 LATIN LESSONS 

praeter Capitolium defend! potuit. Et iam praesidium fame 
laborabat, et in eo erant, ut pacem a Gallis auro emerent, cum 
Camillus cum manu militum superveniens hostes magno proelio 
superavit. 

8. War with the Samnites, 321 b.c. 

T. Veturius et Spurius Postumius consules bellum adversum 
Samnites gerebant. Hi a Pontic Telesino, duce hostium, in 
insidias induct! sunt. Nam ad Furculas Caud!nas Romanes 
pellexit in angustias, unde sese expedire non poterant. Ibi 
Pontius patrem suum Herennium rogavit, quid faciendum 
putaret. Ille respondit, aut omnes occidendos esse, ut Romano- 
rum v!res frangerentur, aut omnes d!mittendos, ut beneficio 
obligarentur. Pontius utrumque consilium improbavit, omnes- 
que sub iugum m!sit. Samn!tes denique post bellum undequin- 
quaginta annorum superati sunt. 

9. First Punic War, 264-241 b.c 

Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post urbem conditam 
Romanorum exercitus in Siciliam traiecerunt, regemque Syra- 
ciisarum Hieronem, Poenosque, qui multas urbes in ea insula 
occupaverant, superaverunt. Quinto anno huius belli, quod 
contra Poenos gerebatur, primum Roman!, C. Duilio et Cn. 
Cornelio Asina consulibus, in mari dimicaverunt. Duilius 
Carthaginienses vicit, triginta naves occupavit, quattuordecim 
mersit, septem milia hostium cepit, tria milia occidit. Nulla 
victoria Romanis gratior fuit. Duilio concessum est, ut cum ^ 
cena rediret, pueri fiinalia ferentes et tibicen eum comitarentur. 

Tandem, C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio consulibus, anno 
belli Piinici vicesimo tertio magnum proelium navale commis- 
sum est contra Lilybaeum, promunturium Siciliae. In eo proe- 
lio septuaginta tres Carthaginiensium naves captae, centum 



SELECTIONS FROM ROMAN HISTORY 



79 



viginti quinque demersae, triginta duo milia hostium capta, tre- 
decim milia occisa sunt. Statim Carthaginienses pacem petie- 
runt, eisque pax tributa est. 

lo. Second Punic War, 218-201 b.c. 

Bellum Punicum renovatum est per Hannibalem, Carthagi- 
niensium ducem, quern pater Hamilcar novem annos natum 
aris admoverat, ut odium perenne in Romanes iuraret. Hic 
annum agens vicesimum aetatis Saguntum, Hispaniae urbem, 
Romanis amicam, oppugnare aggressus est. Huic Roman! per 
legates denuntiaverunt, ut bello abstineret. Qui cum legatos 
admittere nollet, Roman! Carthaginem miserunt, ut mandaretur 
Hannibal!, ne bellum contra socios popul! Roman! gereret. 
Dura responsa a Carthaginiensibus reddita sunt. Saguntinis 
interea fame victis, Roman! Carthaginiensibus bellum indix- 
erunt. 

Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubale in Hispania relicto, Pyrenaeum 
et Alpes transiit. Traditur in Italiam octoginta milia peditum, 
viginti milia equitum, septem et triginta elephantos abdiixisse. 
Interea mult! Ligures et Gall! cum Hannibale se coniunxerunt. 
Primus ei occurrit P. Cornelius Scipio, qui, proelio ad Ticinum 
commisso, superatus est et vulnere accepto in castra rediit. 
Tum Sempronius Gracchus conflixit apud Trebiam amnem. Is 
quoque vincitur. Mult! popul! se Hannibal! dediderunt. Inde 
in Etruriam progressus, Flaminium consulem ad Trasumenum 
lacum superat. Ipse Flaminius interemptus, Romanorum viginti 
qmnque milia caesa sunt. 

II. Hannibal's Victory at Cannae, 216 b.c 

Quingentesimo tricesimo octavo anno post urbem conditam 
L. Aemilius Paulus et C. Terentius Varro contra Hannibalem 
mittuntur. Quamquam intellectum erat, Hannibalem non aliter 



8o LATIN LESSONS 

vinci posse quam mora, Varro tamen morae impatiens apud 
vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, in Apulia pugnavit ; ambo con- 
sules victi, Paulus interemptus est. In ea pugna consulares aut 
praetoril viginti, senatores triginta capti aut occisi sunt ; militum 
quadraginta milia, equitum tria milia et quingentl perierunt. 
In his tantis malls nemo tamen pacis mentionem fecit. Servi, 
quod numquam antea factum erat, manumissi et milites facti 
sunt. 

12. Battle of Zama, 202 b.c. 

Anno decimo quarto postquam in Italiam Hannibal venerat, 
Sclpio consul creatus et in Africam missus est. Ibi contra 
Hannonem, ducem Carthaginiensium, prospere pugnat totum- 
que eius exercitum delet. Secundo proelio undecim milia 
hominum occldit, et castra cepit cum quattuor milibus et quln- 
gentis militibus. Syphacem, Numidiae regem, qui se cum 
Poenis coniunxerat, cepit, eumque cum nobilissimis Numidls 
et Infinitis spolils Romam misit. Qua re audita, omnis fere 
Italia Hannibalem deserit. Ipse a Carthaginiensibus in Africam 
redire iubetur. Ita anno decimo septimo Italia ab Hannibale 
liberata est. 

Post plures pugnas et pacem frustra temptatam, pugna apud 
Zamam committitur, in qua perltissimi duces copias suas ad 
bellum edUcebant. Sclpio victor recedit ; Hannibal cum paucis 
equitibus evadit. Post hoc proelium pax cum Carthaginiensi- 
bus facta est. Sclpio, cum Romam rediisset, ingenti gloria 
triumphavit atque Africanus appellatus est. 

13. Third Punic War, 149-146 b.c. 

Tertium deinde bellum contra Carthaginem susceptum est 
anno quinquagesimo tertio postquam secundum bellum PUni- 
cum transactum erat. L. Marcius Censorinus et M. Manlius 
consules in Africam traiecerunt et Carthaginem oppugnaverunt. 



SELECTIONS FROM ROMAN HISTORY 8 1 

Multa ibi praeclare gesta sunt a Scipione, Sclpionis African! 
nepote, qui tribunus in Africa militabat. Cum iam magnum 
esset Sclpionis nomen, tertio anno postquam Roman! in Afri- 
cam traiecerant consul est creatus et contra Carthaginem 
missus. Is banc urbem a civibus acerrime defensam cepit 
atque diruit. Ita Carthago septingentesimo anno postquam 
condita erat deleta est. Scipio nomen Africanus minor 
accepit. 

14. Defeat of the Cimbri and Teutons, 102-101 B.C. 

Dum bellum in Numidia contra lugurtham geritur, Cimbr! 
et Teuton! aliaeque Germanorum et Gallorum gentes, fiiso exer- 
citii popul! Roman!, Italiae minabantur. Ingens fuit Romae 
timor, ne iterum Galli urbem occuparent. Ergo Marius consul 
creatus, e!que bellum contra Cimbros et Teutonos decretum 
est ; belloque producto, tertius e! et quartus consulatus delatus 
est. In duobus proeliis cum Cimbr!s ducenta m!lia hostium 
cecidit, octoginta m!lia eorumque ducem cepit, propter quod 
meritum absens qmntum consul creatus est. Interea Cimbr! et 
Teuton!, quorum multitMo etiam nunc !nf!n!ta erat, in Italiam 
transierunt. Iterum a C. Mario et Q. Catulo contra eos ad 
Veronam d!micatum est. Centum et quadraginta m!lia aut in 
pugna aut in fuga caesa sunt, sexaginta m!lia capta. Tria et 
tr!ginta Cimbrls s!gna detracta sunt. 

15. Marius and Sulla, 88-83 b.c. 

Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexto pr!mum Romae 
bellum civile exortum est ; eodem anno etiam Mithridaticum. 
Causam bell! civllis C. Marius dedit. Nam cum Sullae bellum 
adversus Mithridatem, regem Pont!, decretum esset, Marius e! 
hunc honorem eripere conatus est. Sed Sulla, qu! cum legio- 
nibus suls in Italia morabatur, cum exercitii Romam venit, et 



82 LATIN LESSONS 

alios adversarios interfecit, alios fugavit. Turn, rebus Romae 
compositis, in Asiam profectus est, pluribusque proeliis Mithri- 
datem coegit pacem a Romanis petere, et Asiam, in quam 
invaserat, relinquere. 

Sed dum Sulla in Graecia et Asia Mithridatem vincit, Marius, 
qui fugatus erat, et Cornelius Cinna, iinus ex consulibus, bellum 
in Italia renovarunt, et ingress! Romam nobilissimos ex senatu 
et consulares viros interfecerunt ; multos proscripserunt ; ipsius 
Sullae domo eversa, filios et uxorem fugere coegerunt. Uni- 
versus reliquus senatus ex urbe fugiens ad Sullam in Graeciam 
venit, orans ut patriae subveniret. Sulla in Italiam traiecit, 
hostium exercitus vicit, mox etiam urbem ingressus est, quam 
caede et sanguine civium complevit. Quattuor milia inermium, 
qui se dediderant, interficT iussit ; duo milia equitum et sena- 
torum proscripsit. Tum de Mithridate triumphavit. 

i6. Spartacus and the Gladiators, 73-71 B.C. 

Anno urbis sexcentesimo octogesimo primo novum in Italia 
bellum commotum est. Septuaginta enim quattuor gladiatores, 
duce Spartaco, e liido gladiatorio, qui Capuae erat, effugerunt, 
et per Italiam vagantes bellum moverunt. Nam exercitum 
sexaginta fere milium armatorum contraxerunt, multosque duces 
et duos consules Romanes vicerunt. Ipsi a M. Licinio Crasso 
proconsule in Apulia victi sunt, et, post multas calamitates 
Italiae, tertio anno hoc bellum confectum est. 

17. Caesar and Pompey, 49-48 b.c. 

Caesar, victor e Gallia rediens, absens alterum consulatum 
poscere coepit; quem cum aliqui sine dubitatione deferrent, 
Pompeius aliique contra dixerunt, et Caesar iussus est dimissis 
exercitibus in urbem redire. Propter banc iniuriam ab Ari- 
mino, ubi milites coactos habebat, infesto exercitn Romam 



SELECTIONS FROM ROMAN HISTORY 83 

contendit. Consules cum Pompeio senatusque omnis atque 
universa nobilitas ex urbe fugit et in Graeciam transiit ; et 
dum senatus bellum contra Caesarem parat, hie vacuam urbem 
ingressus dictatorem se fecit. 

Inde Hispaniam petiit ibique Pompei legiones superavit; 
turn in Graecia adversum Pompeium ipsum dimicavit. Prl- 
mo proelio victus est et fugatus ; evasit tamen, quia, nocte 
intercedente, Pompeius sequi noluit. Deinde in Thessalia 
apud Pharsalum, ingentibus utrimque copils commissis, dimi- 
caverunt. Numquam antea copiae Romanae maiores neque 
melioribus ducibus convenerant. Pugnatum est ingenti con- 
tentione, victusque ad extremum Pompeius, et castra eius 
direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexandriam petiit, ut a rege Ae- 
gypti auxilium acciperet. At hic fortunam magis quam ami- 
citiam seciitus, Pompeium occidit, caput eius ad Caesarem 
misit. Quo conspecto, Caesar etiam lacrimas fiidisse dicitur. 

18. Assassination of Caesar, 44 b.c. 

Cum Caesar Idibus Martiis in senatum venisset, coniurati 
eum assldentem circumsteterunt, et statim unus, quasi aliquid 
rogaturus, propius accessit renuentlque togam ab utroque 
umero apprehendit. Deinde clamantem, " Ista quidem vis 
est," Casca, iinus e coniiiratis, paulo infra iugulum vulneravit. 
Caesar Cascae bracchium arreptum graphic traiecit, conatus- 
que prosilire aliud vulnus accepit. Cum M. Brutum, quem fili 
loco habebat, in se irruentem vidisset, dixit : " Tu quoque, mi 
fili ! " Deinde ubi animadvertit se strictis pugionibus undique 
peti, toga caput obvolvit atque ita tribus et viginti vulneribus 
confossus est. 

19. Death of Cicero, 43 B.C. 

Antonius, societate cum Octaviano inita, Ciceronem oratorem, 
iam diii sibi inimicum, proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero in 



84 LATIN LESSONS 

\allam, quae a mari proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem con- 
scendit, ut in Macedoniam transiret. Cum vero venti adversi 
eum aliquotiens rettulissent, et ipse iactationem maris pati non 
posset, regressus ad vlllam, ** Moriar," inquit, ^' in patria saepe 
servata." Percussoribus adventantibus, eius servi ad dimican- 
dum parati erant ; sed Cicero lecticam deponi et eos quietos 
pati quod sors iniqua cogeret iussit. Prominent! ex lectica et 
cervicem immotam praebenti caput praecisum est. Manus quo- 
que abscisae sunt ; caput ad Antonium relatum est eiusque 
iussu cum dextra manu in rostris positum. 

20. Battle of Actium, 31 b.c. 

Antonius Cleopatram, reginam Aegypti, uxorem duxit. Ab 
hac incitatus ingens bellum commovit, quod Cleopatra Romae 
regnare cuperet. Ab Octaviano victus est navali pugna apud 
Actium, qui locus in Epiro est. Hinc in Aegyptum fugit, et, 
desperatls rebus, cum omnes ad Octavianum transirent, se ipse 
interemit. Cleopatra aspidem sibi admovit eiusque veneno 
periit. Ita bello confecto Octavianus Romam rediit. Maximi 
honores el a senatii delati sunt. Ex eo tempore summam 
potestatem per quadraginta quattuor annos solus obtinuit. 



CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR 

THE WAR WITH THE HELVETIANS, 58 B.C. 
Book I, Chapters I-XII 

I. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum iinam inco- 
lunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam, qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, 
nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institiitis, legibus 
inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a 
Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi 
sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque hiimanitate pro- 
vinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe 
commeant, atque ea, quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent, 
important ; proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum 
incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa 
Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere 
cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis 
finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. 
Eorum lina pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium 
capit a fliimine Rhodano; continetur Garumna flumine, Oce- 
ano, finibus Belgarum ; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis 
fliimen Rhenum ; vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis 
Galliae finibus oriuntur ; pertinent ad inferiorem partem flu- 
minis Rheni; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. 
Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam 
partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, pertinet; spectat 
inter occasum solis et septentriones. 

II. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus 
Orgetorix. Is, M. Messala et M. Pisone consulibus, regni 

85 



86 LATIN LESSONS 

cupiditate inductus coniiirationem nobilitatis fecit, et civitati 
persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent; 
perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae 
imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius eis persuasit, quod undique loci 
natura Helvetii continentur : iina ex parte flumine Rheno, latis- 
simo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit ; 
altera ex parte monte lura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et 
Helvetios; tertia, lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui 
provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat, ut 
et minus late vagarentur et minus facile fmitimis bellum inferre 
possent ; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore 
afficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria 
belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, 
qui in longitudinem milia passuum ccxl, in latitudinem clxxx 
patebant. 

III. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorlgis permoti 
constituerunt ea, quae ad proficlscendum pertinerent, com- 
parare, iiimentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum 
coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia 
friimenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amlci- 
tiam conflrmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis 
esse duxerunt ; in tertium annum prof ectionem lege confirmant. 
Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem 
ad civitates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Cataman- 
taloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos 
annos obtinuerat et a senatii popull RomanI amicus appellatus 
erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante ha- 
buerat ; itemque Dumnorlgi Aeduo, fratri DiviciacI, qui eo tem- 
pore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebl acceptus 
erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet, elque flliam suam in 
matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illls probat conata per- 
ficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtentiirus 
esset ; non esse dubium, quin totius Galliae pliirimum Helvetii 



CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR 8/ 

possent ; se suis copiTs suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum 
confirmat. Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et ius iuran- 
dum dant, et regno occupato per tres potentissimos ac firmis- 
simos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant. 

IV. Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus 
suis Orgetorigem ex vinculls causam dicere coegerunt ; damna- 
tum poenam sequi oportebat, ut Igni cremaretur. Die consti- 
tuta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam 
familiam, ad hominum milia decern, undique coegit, et omnes 
clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, 
eodem condiixit ; per eos, ne causam diceret, se eripuit. Cum 
civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exsequi conaretur, 
multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orge- 
torix mortuus est ; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, 
quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit. 

V. Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id, quod con- 
stituerant, facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi iam 
se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, 
numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata 
aedificia incendunt, frumentum omne, praeter quod secum 
portatiiri erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis spe sublata 
paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent ; trium mensium 
molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent. Persuadent 
Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimls, uti eodem usi con- 
silio, oppidis suis vicisque exustis, iina cum eis proficiscantur ; 
Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum 
transierant Noreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi 
asciscunt. 

VL Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire 
possent : ilnum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter mon- 
tem luram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri duce- 
rentur ; mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci 
prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo 



88 LATIN LESSONS 

facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetio- 
rum et Allobrogum, qui niiper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit, 
isque nonnullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allo- 
brogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo 
oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. AUobrogibus sese vel per- 
suasiiros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum 
viderentur, existimabant, vel vi coactiiros, ut per suos fines eos 
ire paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis 
diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. 
Is dies erat a. d. V Kal. Apr., L. Pisone, A. Gabinio con- 
sulibus. 

VIL Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam 
nostram iter facer e conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et, quam 
maximis potest itineribus, in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et 
ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae tot! quam maximum potest 
militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio 
una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi. Ubi de 
eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum 
mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et 
Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent, sibi 
esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, 
propterea quod aliud iter haberent niillum ; rogare, ut eius 
voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat, 
L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis 
pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat; 
neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam 
itineris faciendi, temperatiiros ab iniiiria et maleficio existimabat. 
Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset, dum milites, quos impe- 
raverat, convenirent, legatis respondit, diem se ad deliberandum 
siimptiirum ; si quid vellent, ad Id. Apr. reverterentur. 

VIII. Interea ea legione, quam secum habebat, militibusque, 
qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacii Lemanno, qui in flumen 
Rhodanum influit, ad montem liiram, qui fines Sequanorum 



CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR 89 

ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum xviiii murum in altitudinem 
pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto, prae- 
sidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito 
transire conarentur, prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies, quam con- 
stituerat cum legatis, venit, et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat 
se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli per provin- 
ciam dare ; et, si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. 
Helvetii, ea spe deiecti, navibus iiinctis ratibusque compluribus 
factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fliiminis erat, 
nonnumquam interdiu, saepius noctii, si perrumpere possent, 
conati, operis miinitione et militum concursii et telis repulsi 
hoc conatii destiterunt. 

IX. Relinquebatur iina per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis 
invitis propter angustias ire non poterant. His cum sua sponte 
persuadere non possent, legatos ad Dumnorigem Aeduum 
mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. Dumnorix 
gratia et largitione apud Sequanos pliirimum poterat, et Helve- 
tiis erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matri- 
monium diixerat, et cupiditate regni adductus novis rebus 
studebat, et quam pliirimas civitates suo beneficio habere 
obstrictas volebat. Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat, 
ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur, obsidesque uti inter 
sese dent, perficit : Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant ; 
Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et iniiiria transeant. 

X. Caesari reniintiatur, Helvetiis esse in animo per agrum 
Sequanorum et Aeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui 
non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas est in pro- 
vincia. Id si fieret, intellegebat magno cum periculo provinciae 
futiirum, ut homines bellicosos, populi Romani inimicos, locis 
patentibus maximeque friimentariis finitimos haberet. Ob eas 
causas ei miinitioni, quam fecerat, T. Labienum legatum prae- 
fecit ; ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit duasque ibi 
legiones conscribit, et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, 



90 LATIN LESSONS 

ex hibernis educit et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem GalHam 
per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit. Ibi 
Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges locis superioribus occupatis 
itinere exercitum prohibere conantur. Compliiribus his proe- 
liis pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris provinciae extremum, 
in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo perve- 
nit; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segiisiavos 
exercitum diicit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum 
primi. 

XL Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas 
copias traduxerant, et in Aeduorum fines pervenerant eorumque 
agros populabantur. Aedui, cum se suaque ab eis defendere 
non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxihum : 
Ita se omni tempore de populo Romano meritos esse, ut, paene 
in conspectii exercitiis nostri, agri vastari, liberi eorum in servi- 
tiitem abdiici, oppida expiignari non debuerint. Eodem tem- 
pore, quo Aedui, Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Aeduorum, 
Caesarem certiorem faciunt, sese depopulatis agris non facile 
ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans 
Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesa- 
rem recipiunt, et demonstrant, sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse 
reliqui. Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non exspectandum sibi 
statuit, dum omnibus fortiinis sociorum consiimptis in Santonos 
Helvetii pervenirent. 

XIL Fliimen est Arar, quod per fines Aeduorum et Sequa- 
norum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate, ita ut oculis, 
in utram partem fluat, iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus 
ac lintribus iiinctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar 
certior f actus est, tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios id fliimen 
tradiixisse, quartam fere partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam 
esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus, e castris profec- 
tus ad eam partem pervenit, quae nondum flumen transierat. 
Eos impeditos et inopinantes aggressus magnam partem eorum , 



CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR 



91 



concidit; reliqui sese fugae mandamnt atque in proximas sil- 
vas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurlnus ; nam omnis 
civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hie pagus unus, 
cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium 
consulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum miserat. 
Ita sive casu sive consilio deorum immortalium, quae pars civi- 
tatis Helvetiae Tnslgnem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, 
ea princeps poenas persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum 
publicas, sed etiam privatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius soceri 
L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio, 
quo Cassium, interfecerant. 



NOTES ON SELECTIONS FROM ROMAN 
HISTORY 

References in ( ) are to the old editioji. 
1 

Horum : § 346, ^, 2 ; (§ 216, a^ 2). — minor natu : the younger \ for 
case of natu, see § 418 ; (§ 253). — vellet : § 574 ; (§ 334).— bona : 
the property. — reliquisset : §580; (§336, 2); this is a subord. 
clause of the indirect question preceding. — praetulit : from praefero. 

possideret : §§ 530, 53 1 ; (§ 317). — filiam, virginem : two accusa- 
tives, § 393 ; (§ 239, I, a). The Vestal virgins were priestesses of 
Vesta, goddess of the hearth. They attended the fire which was 
kept perpetually burning in the temple of Vesta. — viro : dat., 
§368, 3 ; (§ 227 e, 3). — nubere : subject of licet, § 454 ; (§ 270 by— 
Marte : § 403 ; (§ 244). — peperit: from pario. — comperisset : § 546 ; 
(§ 325)- — autem : postpositive conj., i.e. it never stands at the be- 
ginning of a clause. — abici : pres. infin. pass., § 563 a ; (§ 271 ^). 

essent positi : pluperf. subj., § 546 ; (§ 325). — in sicc5 : on dry 
land\ adj. used as noun. — iiberibus suis aluit : suckled. — Quod: 
this\ for this use of rel. pron., see § 308/; (§ 201 ^). — sustulit : 
from tollo. — nutriendos : to be nursed, brought up. 

adolevissent : from adolesco. — avus : Numitor. — fuisset : § 574 ; 
(§ 334). — Romam: pred. ace, § 393 ; (§ 239, i, ^). — transilit : 
ohstrwt present tense after dum ; § 556 ; (§ 328 a). 



Quo elapso : abl. abs. Translate by clause. When this, etc. — 
Curibus : loc. case, §427, 3; (§258 c 2). — oppido : § 282 d\ 
(§ 184^). — agro : here territory, country. — rex: pred. nom. — 
quidem: postpositive. — civitati : § 370; (§ 228). — populi : gen. 
sing. — alendum : to be maintained. — faceret : subord. clause in ind. 
disc, § 580; (§ 336, 2). — nymphae Egeriae monitu : on the advice of 

93 



94 LATIN LESSONS 

the nymph Egeria. — facere : § 580 ; (§ 336, 2). "^h:^ present tense ? 
— Morbo: abl. cause, § 404; (§ 245). — sepultus est: from sepelio. 



genitus : from gigno. — femina : §403 a^ note i ; (§244 a^ remark). 

— prodigio : § 404 ; (§ 245)- — ei : § 366 ; (§ 225). — portendi : 
pres. infin. pass., § 580 ; (§ 336, 2). — coniugi : § 367 ; (§ 227).— 
ut . . . educaret : to bring him up^ etc., lit. that he should^ etc. 

accepisse, petere : § 580 ; (§ 336, 2). Notice change in tense. 

— convaluisset : for subj. after dum, see § 553 ; (§ 328). — Servio 
Tullio : § 367 ; (§ 227). — urbi : § 370 ; (§ 228). — capitum : part, 
gen., § 346,^, 2; (§ 216, a, 2). 

4 

moribus: by his character \ §404; (§245). — bello : §418; 
(§ 253). — strenuus : agrees with the understood subject of vicit. — 
lovis : gen. of luppiter. — oppugnat : § 556 ; (§ 328 ^). — Lucretiae : 
dat., §366; (§225). — vim fecisset : had done violence. — haec : 
she. — obtestata est : § 543 ; (§ 324). — ut ulciscerentur : to avenge ; 

§563; (§331). 

L. = Lucius. — in : for. — ei : § 376 ; (§235). — quoque : post- 
positive ; it never stands first. — regnatum est : used impersonally; 
lit. it was reigned. — annos : § 423, 2 ; (§ 256, 2). 



coepere : — coeperunt. — pro : instead of. — creari : § 456 ; (§ 271 ). 
— esset : for subj., see § 593 ; (§ 342). — coerceret : §§ 530, 531 ; 
(§ 317)- — insolentiores : pred. nom. — redderentur : clause of pur- 
pose or result? — anno: §423,1; (§256, i). — expulsis regibus : 
how should this abl. abs. be rendered in good English ? — liber- 
tatis: § 348; (§217). — Collatino: dat., § 381; (§ 229). — paulo: 
§494; (§ 250). — post: here an adverb. — Placuerat: they had 
determi7ied^ lit. // had pleased. What is the subject of this impers. 
verb ? See § 563, d\ (§ 331, </.). — enim : postpositive, like autem, 
quoque, etc. — quis : indef. pronoun. Why used here ? See §310^; 
(§105^). 



NOTES ON SELECTIONS FOR READING 95 



altero : second. — ab urbe condita : fro7n the founding of the city^ 
lit. from the city {having been^ founded ; § 497 ; (§ 292 a). Rome 
was founded in 753 B.C. — civitati : § 376 ; (§ 235). — scriberent : 
rel. clause of purpose ; translate, to write, — bene : compare this 
adverb. — secundo : supply anno. — eorum : what kind of a gen.? 
— Sublata est : from tollo. 

7 

defend! : § 456 ; (§ 271). — fame : what kind of an abl..'* — in e5 
erant ut . . . emerent: were on the point of buying \ § 571 c\ 
(§332/). — auro: §416; (§252). — proelio : abl. means. — super- 
avit : for indie, see § 546 a\ (§ 325, ^). 

8 

T. = Titus. — ad Furculas Caudinas : near the Caudine Forks. — 
expedire : extricate. — faciendum : supply esse ; infin. in ind. disc, 
with subject ace. quid. — putaret : § 574 ; (§ 334). — aut . . . aut : 
either . , , or. — vires : pi. of vis. — dimittendos : supply esse. — 
sub iugum misit : this was a sign of absolute submission. — 
annorum : gen. measure, § 345 <5 ; (§ 215 ^). 



post urbem conditam : see note on ab urbe condita, under 6. — 
C. Duilio . . . consulibus : abl. abs., § 419, a ; (§ 255, a)\ translate^ 
in the consulship of etc. — C. = Gaio ; Cn. = Gnaeo. — Romanis : 
§ 384 ; (§ 234 a), — concessum est : the subject of this verb is the 
clause ut . . . comitarentur. 

captae, demersae, capta : supply sunt. — centum viginti quinque : 
i.e. naves. 

10 

novem annos natum : when nine years old. — annos : § 423 ; 
(§256). — natum: perf. participle, agreeing with quem. — aris : 
§370; (§228). — annum agens vicesimum aetatis : lit. spending 
the twentieth year of his age^ i.e. when twenty years of age. — » 



96 LATIN LESSONS 

Romanis: §384; (§234 a), — Qui cum: when he-, see §308/; 
(§201^). — Carthaginem : for omission of prep., see §427, 2; 
(§ 258 b), — mandaretur : used impersonally. — Hannibali : § 367 ; 
(§ 227). — ne . . . gereret : substantive clause, purpose or result? — 
Saguntinis . . . victis : how best translated? — Carthaginiensibus : 
§370; (§228). Traditur: he is said. — ei : §370; (§228). — 
ad : ftear. — vulnere accepto : what construction is this ? — vin- 
citur, superat : historical pres., § 469; (§ 2j6 d). — interemptus : 
supply est. 

11 

post urbem conditam : after the founding of the city. — mittuntur : 
why present? — intellectum erat: what mood regularly follows 
quamquam? See § 527, d\ (§313, ^). — Hannibalem . . . mora: 
that H. could not be beaten otherwise than by delay. — morae : 
gen. case, §347,^; (§218,/^). — Cannae: pred. nom., §283; 
(§185). — victi: supply sunt. — pads: §348; (§217). — quod: 
rel. pron. ; its antecedent is the clause servi . . . facti sunt. 

12 

venerat : § 543, a ; (§ 324, a^. — eius : why eius and not suum? 
— Romam : § 427, 2 ; (§ 258 b^. — Qua re audita : lit. which thing 
having been heard ; render this in good English. — redire : § 456 ; 
(§271). — ab Hannibale : from H. 

et pacem frustra temptatam : translate by clause, and after peace 
had been tried in vain. — rediisset : §546; (§325). — gloria: 
§412; (§248). 

13 

anno: § 423, i; (§ 256, i). — Multa : used substantively. — tri- 
bunus : as a tribune, — defensam : translate this participle by a 
clause ; § 496 ; (§ 292). — minor : the younger. 

14 

geritur : translate by imperf.; § 556 ; (§ 328 ^). — exercitu : § 419 ; 
(§ "^^S)' — Italiae : § 367 ; (§ 227). — ne . . . occuparent: for affirm- 
ative clause introduced by ne, see § 564; (§33i,/')- — creatus : 



NOTES ON SELECTIONS FOR READING 97 

est understood. — ei: dat. ind. obj. — decretum est: from what 
verb ? — cecidit : from caedo. — absens : though absent ; modifies 
subject of creatus est. — quintum : adv.,/'^^' the fifth time. — dimi- 
catum est : a battle was fought^ lit. it was fought (impers.). 

— Cimbris : from the Cimbri\ for dat, see § 381 ; (§ 229). 

15 

anno: abl. time, §423, i; (§256, i). — Romae : loc. case, 
§ 427, 3 • (§ 258 r, 2). — Mithridaticum : supply bellum exortum 
est. — SuUae : to Sulla. — ei : from hi7n ; § 381; (§ 229). — R5- 
mam: to Rome\ why no prep. .^ — rebus: §419; (§255). — 
petere, relinquere : obj. iniin. with subject ace. Mithridatem, de- 
pending on coegit. 

vincit: the pres. tense is regularly used after dum, meaning 
while. — ex consulibus : instead of part, gen.; § 346 c\ (§ 216 ^). — 
renovarunt : = renovaverunt. — proscripserunt : those who were pro- 
scribed lost their lives and their property was confiscated. — eversa: 
observe fem. gender, agreeing with domo ; for abl., see §419; 
(§ '^SS)* — fugere : see note above on petere, relinquere. — patriae : 
dat. case. — subveniret: note secondary sequence; for, subj., see 
§ 563 5 (§ 33 1)- — caede, sanguine : abl. means, § 409 a ; (§ 248 c 2). 

— inermium : used as noun ; for gen., see § 346, a., 2 ; (§ 216, ^, 2). 

— interfici : the infin. with subject ace. is regularly used with 
iubeo. — equitum : knights^ members of the equestrian order. — de 
Mithridate : over M. 

16 

enim : for position, see note on enim, under 5. — duce Spar- 
taco : under the leadership of Spartacus., lit. Spartacus (being) 
leader. — moverunt : stirred up. — milium : gen. measure, § 345 b ; 
(§215^). — armatorum : armed men ; what kind of a gen. } 

17 

quern : this ; rel. pron. at beginning of sentence equivalent to 
demonstrative ; § 308/; (§ 201 e). — deferrent : § 546 ; (§ 325). — 
contra dixerunt : objected, — coactos : brought together., collected, — 



98 LATIN LESSONS 

exercitu: § 419, ^; (§ 255, a). — hic : he, — dictatorem, se : two 
accusatives, § 393 ; (§ 239, i, a). 

nocte: §419; (§ 255). — sequi: §456; (§ 271). — noluit : §540; 
(§321). — Pharsalum : why fern.? — melioribus ducibus : under 
better leaders. What construction ? — Piignatum est : used imper- 
sonally. — victus : supply est. — ad extremum : at last. — ut . . . 
acciperet : purpose or result ? — rege Aegypti : Ptolemy. — secutus : 
perf. participle modifying hic. — Quo conspecto : when he saw it ; 
abl. abs. — fudisse : §582; (§ 330, ^, i). — dicitur: note personal 
construction. 

18 

Idibus Martiis : the 15th of March. — assidentem : pres. participle, 
as he took his seat. — rogaturus : to ask ; fut. participle expressing 
purpose, § 499, 2; (§293 b^ 2). — renuenti : modifying ei under- 
stood ; dat. ref., § 376 ; (§ 235). — clamantem : with eum understood, 
object of vulneravit ; translate, as he cried out. — e coniuratis : why 
not part, gen.? See § 346 c-y (§ 216 c). — paulo : abl. degree of 
difference. — arreptum . . . traiecit : seized and pierced,, lit. pierced 
the ar7n {having beeri) seized. — conatus : perf. participle. — fill 
loco: as a son., in the place of a son, — in se irruentem : rushing 
upon him. — quoque : postpositive. — mi: for form, see §110^ 
note; (§81 a note). — f ili : §49 c\ (§40 c). — strictis pugi5n- 
ibus: with drawn daggers. — se peti : that he was attacked-,, ind. 
disc, depending on animadvertit. — toga : abl. means. The toga 
was the outer garment, usually of white wool, worn by Roman 
citizens. 

19 

Octaviano : afterwards the emperor Augustus. — inita : from ineo, 
for7n. — sibi : § 384 ; (§ 234 a). — inimicum : here an adjective. — 
proscripsit : for meaning, see note on proscripserunt, under 15. — 
Qua re audita: lit. which thing having been heard \ render this in 
good English. — quae . . . aberat: which was very near the sea. 
— fugit : is this pres. or perf. ? — vero : postpositive. — rettulissent : 
§ 546 ; (§ 325). — inquit ; always follows one or more words of the 



NOTES ON SELECTIONS FOR READING 99 

quotation. — servata : translate this participle by rel. clause. — 
adventantibus : pres. participle, here used in abl. abs. — dimican- 
dum : § 506 ; (§ 300). — deponi, pati : for infin. with iubeo, see 
§ 563 ^5 (§ 330 B, 2). — quietos : translate as adverb, calmly. — 
quod: what, — cogeret : supply eos pati; for subj., see §535; 
(§320). — Prominenti, praebenti : understand ei; for dat, see 
§376; (§235). — iussu: §404; (§245). — rostris: the rostra,, 
or speaker's stand in the Roman Forum. 

20 

uxorem duxit : rnarried,, lit. led (as) wife. — Ab hac : by her. — 
quod . . . cuperet: whose reason is this? See § 540; (§321). — 
piigna : what kind of an abl. ? — cum . . . transirent : causal, 
§ 549 5 (§ 326). — se ipse interemit : lit. he himself killed him- 
self — sibi: §370; (§228). — Romam : why no prep..? — ei: 
dat. ind. obj. 

LOFC 



NOTES ON CAESAR 



Book I — Chapters I-XII 

Chapter I. quarum : § 346, ^, 2 ; (§ 216, a, 2). — aliam, tertiam : 
supply partem. — ipsorum lingua : in their own language. — Celtae, 
Galli : pred. nom. with appellantur. — nostra : supply lingua. — 
lingua, institutis, legibus : abl. spec, §418; (§ 253). — inter se: 
frojn one another. — minime : with saepe. — mercatores : nom. 
case, subject of commeant. — ad effeminandos animos : gerundive 
with ad, denoting purpose, § 506 ; (§ '300). — Germanis : for dat., see 
§ 384 ; (§ 234 a). — quibuscum ; § 1 50 ^; (§ 104 ^). — Qua de causa : 
{and) for this reason. — virtiite : § 41 8 ; (§ 253). — contendunt : for 
indie, with quod, see § 540 ; (§ 32 1). — suis, eorum ; refer to whom ? 

— quam : object of obtinere. — Gallos obtinere : subject of dictum 
est, which is used impersonally. — ab : on the side of. — orientem 
solem : i.e. the east. — occasum solis : i.e. the west. 

Chapter II. ditissimus: sup. of dives. — Messala . . . consuli- 
bus : in the consulship of etc.; abl. abs., § 419, ^ ; (§ 255, a). This 
was the year 61 B.C. — regni : obj. gen., § 348 ; (§ 217). — civitati : 
§367; (§ 227). — ut . . . exirent: to go out \ §563; (§33i)-— P^r- 
facile esse : {saying) that it was very easy \ ind. disc. — omnibus: 
dat. case, § 370; (§ 228). — praestarent: subj. with cum causal, 
§ 549 ; (§ 326). — imperio : for abl., see § 410 ; (§ 249). — potiri : 
infin., subject of esse. — hoc : abl. cause, § 404 ; (§ 245). — facilius : 
compare this adverb. — continentur : why indie. ? — iina ex parte: 
on one side. — tertia : supply ex parte. — nostram : i.e. the Roman. 

— rebus: §404; (§245). — fiebat: impersonal; what is the sub- 
ject ? — vagarentur, possent : § 569, 2 ; (§ 332 ^, 2). — finitimis : for 
dat., see § 370 ; (§ 228). — bellandi : gerund ; for gen., see § 349, a ; 
(§218, a). — Pro : considering. — autem : postpositive. — se habere : 



NOTES ON CAESAR lOi 

infin. in ind. disc, dep. on arbitrabantur. — milia : § 425 ; (§ 257). 

— CCXL: = ducenta (et) quadraginta. — CLXXX : = centum (et) 
octoginta. 

Chapter III. pertinerent : for subj., see § 592 ; (§ 341). — com- 
parare, coemere, facere, confirmare : § 456 ; (§ 27 1). — quam maximum : 
as large as possible ; for this use of quam, see § 291 ^ ; (§93 b). — 
Ad eas res conficiendas : for this construction of gerundive, see 
§ 506 j (§ 300). — diixerunt : they considered. — deligitur : historical 
pres., § 469 ; (§ 276 d), — sibi : § 37o ; (§ 228). — annos : why ace. ? 

— ut . . . occuparet : to seize. — acceptus : acceptable. — idem : the 
same thing. — Perfacile, etc.: ind. disc. dep. on probat. — f actu : 
latter supine, § 5 10 ; (§ 303). — obtentiirus esset : §§ 540, 580 ; (§§321, 
336, 2). — plurimum : for ace, see § 390 c\ (§ 240 a). — possent : 
§ 558, ^ ; (§ 332 ^, remark). — conciliatiirum : supply esse. — regno 
occupato : abl. abs. — Galliae : with potiri ; § 410, ^ ; (§ 249, a). 

Chapter IV. M5ribus: §404; (§245). — damnatum: agrees with 
eum understood, object of sequi. — poenam sequi : subject of the 
impers. oportebat. — dictionis : for the pleading. — eodem : adv. — 
ut : as-., therefore indie. arbitrantur. — consciverit : § 558 ; (§ 3 19 ^). 

Chapter V. nihilo: §414; (§250). — ut . . . exeant: to go out \ 
§ S^^'') (§ 332). — domum: for omission of prep., see § 427, 2; 
(§ 258 b). — spe : § 419 ; (§ 255). — ad . . . subeunda : to undergo all 
dangers ; gerundive of purpose, §§ 503, 506 ; (§§ 296, 300). — men- 
slum : §345<^; (§215 <^). — quemque efferre : regular construction 
with iubeo. — uti . . . proficiscantur : how rendered in good English ? 
— consilio: abl. with iisi, §410; (§249).— iina: adv. — oppugnarant : 
= oppiignaverant. — socios : as allies. — sibi : § 370 ; (§ 228). 

Chapter VI. itineribus: §429^ ; (§258^).— possent: rel. clause 
of characteristic, § 535 ; (§ 320). — unum : supply iter. — qua : adv. 

— ut . . . possent : purpose or result ? — alterum : supply iter. — 
locis: for omission of in, see § 429, i ; (§ 258/, i). — persuasiiros, 
coactiiros: supply esse ; fut. infin. in ind. disc, dep. on existimabant. 

— animo : abl. quality, § 41 5 ; (§ 25 1). — ad profectionem : for their 



I02 LATIN LESSONS 

departure. — conveniant : § 531, 2; (§317, 2). — qua die, Is dies: 
observe change in gender of dies ; § 97? ^ ; (§ 73)- — a. d. V Kal. Apr. : 
= ante diem quintum Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the 
Calends of April— March 28. For Roman calendar, see §631; 
(§ 376). — Pisone . . . c5nsulibus: abl. abs., §419, a\ (§ 255, a). 
The year is ^Z B.C. 

Chapter VI L nuntiatum esset : § 546 ; (§ 325). — eos . . . conari : 
in apposition with id. — quam maximis, quam maximum : see note 
on quam maximum, Chapter III. — ulteriorem : i.e. beyond the 
Alps. — Provinciae : § 367 ; (§ 227). — rescind! : § 563 a ; (§ 330 B,2). 

— fact! sunt: § 543; (§ 324). — qui dicerent: to say \ § 531, 2; 
(§317, 2). — sibi esse in animo : that it was their intention ; for 
sibi, see §373; (§231). — haberent: subj., because the reason is 
that of the Helvetians. — facere : infin. subject of impers. liceat. 

— memoria : § 409 ; (§ 248 c), — L. Cassium . . . missum : this was 
in 107 B.C. — occisum, pulsum, missum: supply esse. — sub iugum 
missum: this was a sign of absolute submission. — concedendum 
(esse) : used impersonally. — animd : §415; (§251). — itineris faci- 
endi: of marching, — convenirent : for subj. after dum, see § 553 ; 
(§ 328). — diem: time. — quid: indef. pron., used here after si. — 
ad Id. Apr.: = ad Idiis Apriles, about the Ides of April— April 13. 

— reverterentur : command expressed in ind. disc, § 588 ; (§ 339). 

Chapter VIII. legione: §409; (§248^). — milia: §425; (§257). 

— pedum: § 345 <^; (§ 215 /^). — quo: why used here? See §531^; 
(§ 317 ^)- — se invito : against his will^ lit. he {being) unwilling \ 
abl. abs., § 419, a ; (§ 255, a). — conarentur : for subj., see § 593 ; 
(§ 342). — venit, reverterunt: § 543; (§324). — m5re, exemplo: 
§ 404 ; (§ 245). — iilli : dat. case. — conentur : subord. clause in ind. 
disc. — prohibitiirum (esse) : supply se as subject ace. — spe : § 400 ; 
(§ 243). — navibus iiinctis, etc. : by joining ships^ etc. — qua : adv. 

— possent: §576^; (§ 334,/).— -conatii: §400; (§243). 

Chapter IX. qua : § 429 a ; (§ 258^). — Sequanis invitis : render 
this abl. abs. in good English. — cum: causal. — eo deprecatore: 



NOTES ON CAESAR 



103 



through his intercession ; abl. abs. — plurimum poterat : had very 
great power \ for adverbial ace. plurimum, see § 390 c\ (§ 240 a). 
— Helvetiis : § 384 ; (§ 234 a). — novis rebus : a revolution ; for dat, 
see § 368, 3 ; (§ 227 e^ 3). — quam plurimas : as many as possible, 

— ut . . . patiantur: object of impetrat. — prohibeant: negative 
clause of purpose. 

Chapter X. renuntiatur : used impersonally ; what is the sub- 
ject ?— Helvetiis : §373; (§231). — fieret: § 580 ; (§ 336, 2). — pro- 
vinciae : gen. case. — futurum (esse: fut). infin. in ind. disc. — 
locjs : dat. with finitimos, § 384 ; (§ 234 a). — haberet : substantive 
clause of result, § 569; (§332 a). — munitioni: § 370; (§ 228). — 
magnis itineribus : by forced marches, — itinere : § 400 ; (§ 243). — 
his pulsis : abl. abs. — pervenit : historical pres. 

Chapter XI. sua : used substantively. — possent : § 549 ; (§ 326). 

— rogatum : supine, § 509 ; (§ 302). — Ita se, etc.: {saying) that they 
had, etc. — vastari, abdiici, expiignari : § 456 ; (§271). — debuerint : 
§537; (§3^9)- — depopulatis : deponent used passively. — sibi : 
§ 373 ; (§ 231). — nihil reliqui : nothing left ; for reliqui, see § 346, 
a, I ; (§ 216, a, i). — exspectandum (esse): used impersonally. — 
sibi : dat. agent with exspectandum, § 374 ; (§ 232). — pervenirent : 
§553; (§328). 

Chapter XII. lenitate : § 412 ; (§ 248). — fluat : § 574 ; (§ 334). 

— possit : § 537; (§ 319). — ratibus . . . iunctis : by joining, etc.; 
§ 419; (§ 255). — partes, fliimen: for two accusatives, see § 395 ; 
(§ 239 b). — de tertia vigilia: in the third watch, i.e. between 12 
and 3 A.M. — fugae: §362; (§225). — Tigurinus: §§ 283, 284; 
(§ 185). — Helvetia: adj. — domo: § 427, i; (§ 258 a). — memoria: 
§ 423, I ; (§ 256, I). — interfecerat, miserat: in 107 B.C. See Chap- 
ter VI I. — casu, consilio: §404; (§245). — pars: attracted into 
rel. clause. — ea : i.e. pars. — princeps : here adj. — eius : i.e. Cae- 
sar's. — quo Cassium : supply interfecerant. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



A., abbreviation for Aulus, a 
Roman first name. 

a, ab, prep, with 2h\.^from ; by. 

abdo, ere, didi, ditum, hide. 

abduco, ere, duxi, ductum, lead 
away. 

abicio, ere, ieci, iectum, tkrozu 
away. 

abscido, ere, cidi, cisum, ctit off. 

absens, entis, absent. 

abstined, ere, ui, refrain. 

absum, esse, afui, afuturus, be 
away. 

Acca, ae, f., Acca {Larentia). 

accedo, ere, cessi, cessum, ap- 
proach. 

acceptus, a, um, acceptable. 

accido, ere, cidi, happeii. 

accipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, re- 
ceive. 

accurro, ere, cucurri or curri, cur- 
sutn, run to. 

accuso, are, avi, atum, blame, 
accuse. 

acer, acris, acre, sharp; vigor- 
ous ; eager. 

acies, ei, F., line of battle ; army 
(in battle array). 

acriter, vigorously, fiercely. 

Actium, i, n., Actinm, a town of 
Epirus. 



ad, prep, with ace, to, towards; at, 
near ; for. 

adduco, ere, duxi, ductum, bring; 
induce. 

aditus, us, M., access, way of ap- 
proach. 

adiungo, ere, iiinxi, iiinctum, 
join to. 

administro, are, avi, atum, man- 
age. 

admitto, ere, misi, missum, admit. 

admoved, ere, movi, motum, 
move to, bring to. 

adolesco, ere, adolevi, adultum, 
grow up. 

adorior, oriri, ortus sum, attack. 

adsum, esse, f ui, f uturus, be pres- 
e7it. 

advents, are, approach. 

adventus, us, m.., approach, arrival. 

adversarius, i, m., enemy. 

adversum, prep, with ace, agaittst. 

adversus, prep, with ace, against. 

ad versus, a, um, unfavorable. 

aedificium, i, n., building. 

aedificd, are, avi, atum, build. 

Aeduus, a, um, Aedua7i ; pi. Aedui, 
orum, M., Aedua7is, a people of 
Gaul. 

Aegyptus, i, f., Egypt. 

Aemilius, i, m., Aemilius, a Roman 
name. 

Aeneas, ae, m., Aeneas. 



105 



io6 



LATIN LESSONS 



aequus, a, um, level ; favorable. 
aestas, atis, f., summei-, 
aetas, atis, f., age. 
affero, aflterre, attuli, allatum, 

bring. 
afficio, ere, feci, fectum, affect, fill. 
Africa, ae, f., Africa. 
Africanus, i, m., Africamcs, a 

name given to Scipio. 
ager, agri, m., field, country. 
agger, eris, m., mound. 
aggredior, gredi, gressus sum, 

attack; begifi. 
agmen, minis, n., army (on the 

march), column; novissimum 

agmen, the rear. 
ago, agere, egi, actum, do, act ; 

discuss ; spend. 
Albani, orum, m. pi., Albans. 
Alexandria, ae, f., Alexandria. 
aliquis, aliquid, so^ne one, some- 
thing ; adj. aliqui, qua, quod, 

some. 
aliquot iens, several times. 
aliter, otherzuise. 
alius, a, ud (gen. -ius), other, 

another ; alii . . . alii, some . . . 

others. 
AUia, ae, f., A Ilia, a river of Italy. 
Allobroges, um, m. pi., Allobroges, 

a. people of Gaul, 
alloquor, loqui, locutus sum, ad- 
dress. 
al6, ere, alui, altum, nourish, 

maintain. 
Alpes, ium, f. pi., Alps. 
alter, era, erum (gen. -ius), the 

other ; second ; alter . . . alter, 

the one . . . the other. 
altitudo, dinis, f., height ; depth. 



altus, a, um, high; deep. 
Ambarri, orum, m. pi., Ambarri, 

a people of Gaul. 
amb5, ae, o, both. 
amicitia, ae, y., friendship. 
amicus, a, Vim.y friendly. 
amicus, i, m., friend. 
amitto, ere, misi, missum, lose. 
amnis, is, m., river. 
amplius, adv., more. 
Amiilius, i, m., Amulius. 
an, or. 

angustiae,arum, f. pi. , narrow pass. 
angustus, a, um, narrow. 
animadverto, ere, verti, versum, 

observe. 
animus, i, m., mijid ; courage. 
annus, i, '^i.,year. 
annuus, a, um, lasting a year, 

annual. 
ante, adv. and prep, v^ith 2iCC., before. 
antea, before. 
Antonius, i, m., Antonius. 
aperio, ire, ui, pertum, open. 
apertus, a, um, open, exposed. 
appello, are, avi, atum, call. 
Appius, i, M., Appius, a Roman 

first name. 
apprehendo, ere, hendi, hensum, 

seize, take hold of. 
Aprilis, e, of April. 
apud, prep, with ace, at, near ; 

amo7ig, with. 
Apulia, ae, f., Apulia, a country of 

Italy. 
aqua, ae, f., water. 
Aquileia, ae, f., Aquileia, a town 

of Italy. 
Aquitani, orum, m. pi., Aqui- 

tanians, a people of Gaul. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



107 



Aquitania, ae, f., Aquita^tia^ a 

province of Gaul. 
ara, ae, f., altar. 
Arar, Araris, m., Arar, now the 

Saone, a river of Gaul, 
arbitror, ari, atus sum, thiiik. 
Ardea, ae, f., Ai-dea^ a. town of 

Latium. 
Ariminum, i, n., Arijjiimim^ a. 

town of Italy. 
Ariovistus, i, m., Ariovistus, king 

of the Germans. 
arma, orum, n. pi., arms. 
armo, are, avi, atum, arm ; perf . 

part, as noun, armati, orum, m. 

pi., armed men. 
arripio, ere, ripui, reptum, seize. 
arx, arcis, f., citadel. 
Ascanius, i, m., Ascanius. 
ascisco, ere, scivi, scitum, admit, 

unite. 
Asia, ae, f., Asia. 
Asina, ae, m., Asina, a Roman 

name. 
aspis, idis, f., asp. 
assido, ere, sedi, sit down. 
at, but. 

Athenae, arum, f. pi., Athens. 
at que, and. 

attingo, ere, tigi, tactum, reach. 
auctoritas, atis, F., authority, in- 
fluence. 
audacia, ae, f., boldness. 
audax, acis, bold, daring. 
audeo, ere, ausus sum, semi-dep., 

dare. 
audio, ire, ivi (ii), itum, hear. 
augeo, ere, auxi, auctum, increase. 
aurum, i, n., gold. 
aut, or ; aut . . . aut, either . . . or. 



autem, postpositive, btit, however ; 
moreover. 

auxilium, i, N., aid ; pi., auxilia- 
ries. 

Aventinus, i, m., Avetttine, one of 
the seven hills of Rome. 

avus, i, M., grandfather. 

B 

barbarus, a, um, barbarous ; as 
noun, barbarus, i, m., barbarian. 

Belgae, arum, m. pi., Belgia7ts. 

bellicosus, a, um, warlike. 

bello, are, avi, atum, wage war. 

bellum, i, n., war. 

bene, well. 

beneficium, i, n., kindness. 

benigne, ki7idly. 

Bibulus, i, M., Bibulus. 

biennium, i, n., two years. 

Boil, orum, m. pi., Boii, a people 
of Gaul. 

bonus, a, um, good ; bona, 5rum, 
N. ^\., property. 

bracchium, i, n., a^-m. 

brevis, e, short. 

Britanni, orum, m. pi., Britons. 

Britannia, ae, f., Britain. 

Briitus, i, M., Brutus. 



C, abbreviation for Gains, a Ro- 
man first name. 
caedes, is, f., slaughter. 
caedo, ere, cecidi, caesum, kill. 
Caesar, aris, m., Caesar. 
calamitas, atis, f., disaster. 
Camillus, i, m., Camillus. 



io8 



LATIN LESSONS 



Cannae, arum, f. pi, Caiinae, a 

town of Apulia. 
capio, ere, cepi, captum, take, 

capttt7'e. 
Capitolium, i, n., the Capitol. 
captiva, ae, f., captive. 
captivus, i, M., captive. 
Capua, ae, f., Capua, a city of Italy, 
caput, itis, N., head. 
career, eris, m., prison. 
carrus, i, M., cart. 
Carthaginienses, ium, m. pi., Car- 
thaginians. 
Carthago, inis, f., Carthage. 
carus, a, um, dear. 
Casca, ae, m., Casca. 
Cassius, i, M., Cassius. 
castellum, i, n., redoubt. 
Casticus, i, M., Casticus, a Sequa- 

nian. 
castra, otum, n. pi., ca7np. 
casus, us, M., chance. 
Catamantaloedes, is, m., Cata- 

niantaloedes, a Sequanian chief. 
Catilina, ae, m., CatiU^te. 
Catulus, i, M., Catiilus. 
Caturiges, um, m. pi., Caturiges, 

a people of Gaul. 
Caudinus, a, um, Caudine ; see 

Furculae. 
causa, ae, F., catise, reaso^t ; case ; 

abl. causa, with gen. preceding, 

for the sake of. 
celer, eris, ere, swift. 
celeritas, atis, f., speed. 
celeriter, quickly. 
Celtae, arum, m. pL, Celts. 
cena, ae, f., diviner. 
Censorinus, i, m., Censorinus, a 

Roman name. 



census, iis, m., census. 

centum, indecl., hundred. 

centurio, onis, m., centurion. 

certus, a, um, certain ; certiorem 
facio, inform ; pass, certior fio, 
be informed. 

cervix, icis, f., neck. 

ceteri, ae, a, the other ; the rest. 

Ceutrones, um, m. pi., Ceutrones, 
a people of Gaul. 

cibaria, orum, n. pi., provisions. 

Cicero, onis, m., Cicero. 

Cimbri, orum, m. pi., Cimbri, a 
people of Germany. 

cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctum, sur- 
round. 

Cinna, ae, m., Cinna. 

circiter, adv. and prep, with ace, 
about. 

circum, prep, with ace, around. 

circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, sur- 
round. 

circumsto, stare, steti, stand 
around. 

circumvenio, ire, veni, ventum, 
surround. 

citerior, ius, comp. adj., hither. 

citra, prep, with ace, on this side 
of. 

civilis, e, civil. 

civ is, is, M., citizen. 

civitas, atis, f., state. 

clam, secretly. 

clamo, are, avi, atum, cry out. 

Clarus, a, um, clear, bright ; fa- 
mous, distingu ish ed. 

classis, is, y., fleet. 

Claudius, i, m., Claudius, a Ro- 
man name. 

claudo, ere, clausi, clausum, close. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



109 



Cleopatra, ae, F., Cleopat7'a, queen 

of Egypt. 
cliens, entis, m., client, retainer. 
Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus, 

a Roman first name. 
coemo, ere, emi, emptum, buy np. 
coepi, isse, def., began. 
coerceo, ere, ui, itum, restrain, 

check. 
cognomen, minis, n., surname. 
cognosco, ere, novi, nitum, learn, 

find out, know. 
cogo, ere, coegi, coactum, bring 

together ; compel. 
cohors, hortis, f., cohort. 
cohortor, ari, atus sum, encourage. 
Collatinus, i, m., Collatinus, a 

Roman name. 
coUis, is, M., hill. 
colloco, are, avi, atum, station. 
colloquium, i, n., conference. 
combiiro,ere,ussi, iistum, bum up. 
comes, itis, m., companion. 
comitor, ari, atus sum, attend. 
commeatus, us, m., supplies. 
commemoro, are, avi, atum, men- 
tion. 
commeo, are, avi, atum, go, visit. 
committo, ere, misi, missum, 

bring together ; commit ; proe- 

lium committo, y<?^>2 battle. 
commoveo, ere, movi, motum, 

stir up ; alarm. 
communio, ire, ivi(ii), itum,/?r- 

tify. 
commiinis, e, common, general. 
compare, are, avi, atum, prepare; 

procure. 
comperio, ire, peri, pertum, yf/^^ 

out. 



compleo, ere, evi, etum,///. 

compliires, ra, pi., several, very 
many. 

compono, ere, posui, positum, set- 
tle. 

COnatum, i, n., attempt, under- 
taking. 

conatus, iis, m., attempt. 

concedo, ere, cessi, cessum, allow, 
grant. 

concido, ere, cidi, cisum, cut 
down, kill. 

concilio, are, avi, atum, gaiit, 
procure. 

concilium, i, n., council. 

concursus, iis, m., onset, charge. 

condemno, are, avi, atum, con- 
demn, convict. 

condicio, onis, f., condition, terms. 

condo, ere, didi, ditum, Z?^;/^. 

conduc5, ere, duxi, ductum, bring 
together. 

confero, ferre, tuli, collatum, 
bring together. 

conficio, ere, feci, fectum, accom- 
plish, finish. 

confido, ere, fisus sum, semi-dep., 
trust, have confidence in. 

confirmo, are, avi, atum, strength- 
en, establish ; assure. 

confligo, ere, flixi, flictum, /^/z/. 

confodio, ere, fodi, fossum, stab. 

conicio, ere, ieci, iectum, throw, 
hurl. 

coniungo, ere, iiinxi, iiinctum, 
join. 

coniunx (coniux), iugis, m. and f., 
husband ; wife. 

coniiirati, orum, m. pi., conspira- 
tors. 



no 



LATIN LESSONS 



COniuratio, onis, F., conspiracy. 

coniuro, are, avi, atum, conspire. 

Conor, ari, atus sum, try. 

consanguineus, i, m., kinsman. 

conscendo, ere, scendi, scensum, 
embark. 

conscisco, ere, scivi, scitum, de- 
cree ; with sibi mortem, commit 
suicide. 

conscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, 
enroll. 

consecro, are, avi, atum, dedicate. 

consequor, sequi, secutus sum, 
overtake ; gain. 

consido, ere, sedi, sessum, en- 
camp. 

consilium, i, 'is. ^ plan; advice. 

consists, ere, stiti, halt^ take a 
position. 

conspectus, us, m., sight. 

conspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, see. 

constituo, ere, stitui, stitutum, 
place ; appoint ; determine. 

consuesco, ere, suevi, suetum, 
become accustomed ; perf. be ac- 
customed. 

consuetudo, dinis, f., custom. 

c5nsul, ulis, m., consul. 

COnsularis, e, of consular rank. 

consulatus, iis, m., consulship. 

consultum, i, n., decree. 

c5nsumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, 
destroy. 

contends, ere, tendi, tentum, has- 
ten ; contend. 

contentio, onis, f., struggle^ con- 
test. 

continenter, conti7tually . 

contineo, ere, ui, tentum, keep, 
restrain; bound. 



contra, adv. and prep, with ace, 
against., opposite.^ contrary to. 

contraho, ere, traxi, tractum, 
collect. 

convalesce, ere, Yalui,grow strong, 
recover. 

convenio, ire, veni, ventum, coine 
together. 

convoco, are, avi, 8Ltumycall together. 

copia, ae, f., plenty ; pi. copiae, 
arum, resources ; forces. 

Corinthus, i, f., Corinth, a city 
of Greece. 

Cornelius, i, m., Cornelius, a Ro- 
man name. 

cornu, us, n., horn ; wing (of an 
army). 

corpus, oris, n., body. 

corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, vio- 
late, ruin. 

cotidianus, a, um, daily. 

cotidie, daily. 

Crassus, i, m., Cr assies. 

creber, bra, brum, frequent, nu- 
merous. 

cremo, are, avi, atum, bum. 

creo, are, avi, atum, elect. 

crudelis, e, cruel. 

crudeliter, cruelly. 

cultus, us, M., civilization, 

cum, prep, with abl., with. 

cum, conj., when; since; though. 

cupiditas, atis, f., desire. 

cupidus, a, um, desirous, eager. 

cupio, ere, ivi, itum, desire. 

cur, why ? 

Cures, ium, f. pi., Cures, a Sabine 
town. 

curia, ae, f., senate-house. 

CUStos, Odis, M., guard. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



III 



damno, are, avi, atum, condemn. 

de, prep, with abl., from ; about^ 
concerning ; over. 

dea, ae, f., goddess. 

debe5, ere, ui, itum, ought. 

decern, indecL, ie^i. 

decemviri, orum, m. pi., decem- 
virs. 

decerno, ere, crevi, cretum, de- 
cree. 

decimus, a, um, tenth. 

dediti5, onis, f., surrender. 

dedo, ere, dedidi, deditum, sur- 
render. 

dediico, ere, duxi, ductum, with- 
draw. 

defendo, ere, fendi, fensum, de- 
fend. 

defero, ferre, tuli, latum, confer, 
give. 

deicio, ere, ieci, iectum, cast 
down ; disappoint. 

deinde, the7t, afterwards. 

deleo, ere, evi, etum, destroy. 

delibero, are, avi, atum, deliber- 
ate. 

deligo, ere, legi, Iectum, choose. 

demerge, ere, mersi, mersum, 
sink. 

demonstrS, are, avi, atum, show. 

denique, finally. 

deniintio, are, avi, atum, an- 
nounce ; order. 

depono, ere, posui, positum, put 
doivn. 

depopulor, ari, atus sum, lay 
waste. 

deprecator, Oris^ M., intercessor. 



desero, serere, semi, sertum, desert. 

desilio, ire, ui, sultum, leap down. 

desisto, ere, stiti, stitum, cease, 
desist. 

desperS, are, avi, atum, despair of. 

desum, esse, fui, futiirus, be 
wanting. 

detraho, ere, traxi, tractum, take 
away. 

deus, i, M., god (New, § 49 <^; 
Old, § 40/). 

dexter, tra, trum, right. 

dico, ere, dixi, dictum, say, speak; 
plead ; appoint. 

dictator, oris, m., dictator. 

dictio, onis, F., pleading. 

dies, ei, m. (or f.), day. 

differo, ferre, distuli, dilatum, 
differ. 

difficilis, e, difficult. 

dignitas, atis, f., dignity, rank. 

dignus, a, um, worthy. 

diligenter, diligently, carefully. 

diligentia, ae, f., diligence. 

dimico, are, avi, atum, fight. 

dimitto, ere, misi, missum, se7id ; 
dismiss, let go. 

diripio, ere, ripui, reptum, plun- 
der. 

diruo, ere, rui, rutum, destroy. 

discedo, ere, cessi, cessum, de- 
part. 

discessus, iis, m., departtcre. 

dispone, ere, posui, positum, 
station. 

ditissimus, a, um, sup. of dives, 
it is, rich. 

diii, for a long time. 

diuturnitas, atis, f., long continu- 
ance. 



112 



LATIN LESSONS 



Diviciacus, i, m., Diviciacus^ an 

Aeduan chief. 
divide, ere, visi, visum, divide. 
do, dare, dedi, datum, give. 
dolor, oris, M., pain ; grief. 
dominatio, onis, f., tyranny. 
dominus, i, m., master. 
domo, are, ui, itum, conquer. 
domus, iis, f., house^ home ; loc. 

domi, at home (New, §93; Old, 

§70/). 
dubitatio, onis, f., doubt., hesitation. 
dubito, are, avi, atum, doubt; 

hesitate. 
dubius, a, um, doubtful. 
ducenti, ae, a, two hundred. 
diico, ere, diixi, ductum, lead; 

consider. 
Duilius, i, M., Duilius. 
dum, while; until. 
dummodo, provided that. 
Dumnorix, rigis, m., Dumnorix^ 

an Aeduan chief. 
duo, duae, duo, two, 
duodecim, indecl., twelve. 
durus, a, um, harsh^ unfavorable. 
dux, ducis, M., leader. 

E 

e, prep, with abl., see ex. 
educo, are, avi, atum, bring up. 
ediico, ere, diixi, ductum, lead ottt. 
effemino, are, avi, atum, weaken. 
effer5, ferre, extuli, elatum, bring 

out, carry out. 
efficio, ere, feci, fectum, bring 

about. 
effugio, ere, fugi, escape. 
effundo, ere, fiidi, fusum, pour 

out ; with reflexive se, overflow. 



Egeria, ae, f., Egeria, a nymph. 

ego, mei, /; pi. nos, we. 

egredior, gredi, gressus sum, go 
forth. 

egregius, a, um, re7narkable. 

elabor, labi, lapsus sum, elapse. 

elephantus, i, m., elephant. 

emo, emere, emi, emptum, buy. 

enim, postpositive, /^r. 

eniintio, are, avi, atum, report. 

eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum, ^^. 

eo, adv., thither., to that place. 

eodem, adv., to the same place. 

Epirus, i, f., Epirus, a province 
of Greece. 

eques, itis, m., horseman ; knight ; 
pL, cavalry. 

equitatus, iis, m., cavalry. 

equus, i, M., horse. 

ergo, therefore. 

eripio, ere, ripui, reptum, take 
away, rescue. 

et, and ; et . . . et, both . . . and. 

etiam, also; even; still; etiam 
nunc, still ; non solum . . . sed 
etiam, not only . . . but also. 

Etruria, ae, f., Etruria, a coun- 
try of Italy. 

etsi, although. 

evado, ere, vasi, vasum, escape. 

everto, ere, verti, versum, over- 
turn, destroy. 

ex, e, prep, with abl., out of , from ; 
of. 

exemplum, i, n., example, prece- 
dent. 

exe5, ire, ii, itum, go otct. 

exerceo, ere, ui, itum, exercise., 
practice. 

exercitus, us, m., army. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



113 



existimo, are, avi, atum, think, 

consider. 
exitium, i, n., destruction. 
exorior, oriri, ortus sum, arise. 
expedio, ire, ivi, itum, extricate ; 

make ready ; expeditus, a, um, 

unencumbered, light-armed; easy. 
expell5, ere, puli, pulsum, d^-ive 

out, expel. 
experior, iri, pertus sum, test, try. 
explorator, oris, m., scoiU, 
explore, are, avi, atum, explore. 
expiigno, are, avi, atum, take by 

storm, capture. 
exsequor, sequi, secutus sum, e7i- 

force. 
exsilium, i, n., exile. 
exspecto, are, avi, atum, await, 

wait. 
exterior, ius, comp. of exterus, outer. 
extra, prep, with ace, outside of. 
extremus, a, um, sup. of exterus, 

extreme, farthest ; ad extremum, 

at last. 
exur5, ere, ussi, ustum, bitm up. 



facile, easily. 

facilis, e, easy. 

f acinus, oris, n., crime. 

facio, ere, feci, factum, make, 
do ; certiorem facio, iiiform. 

facultas, atis, f., opportunity. 

fama, ae, f., report. 

fames, is, f., hunger. 

familia, ae, F., household, family . 

familiaris, e, family ; res famili- 
aris, family property ; familia- 
ris, is, M., i7itimate friend. 



famula, ae, F., servant, slave. 

Faustulus, i, m., Faustulus. 

femina, ae, f., woman. 

fere, abnost, about. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear, bring. 

ferox, ocis, fierce, bold. 

ferrum, i, n., sword. 

ferus, a, um, wild, savage. 

fidelis, ^^ faithful. 

fides, ei, y., faith, loyalty ; pledge. 

filia, ae, f., daughter. 

filius, i, M., son. 

finio, ire, ivi, itum, end. 

finis, is, m., end ; pi., territory. 

f initimus, a, um, iteighboring, near. 

fio, fieri, factus sum (pass, of 
facio), be made, be done; be- 
come; happen; certior fio, be 
informed. 

f irmiter, firmly. 

firmus, a, um, strong. 

Flaminius, i, m., Flaminius, a 
Roman name. 

flamma, ae, Y.,fiame. 

fliimen, minis, n., river. 

fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxum,y?^w. 

forte, by chance. 

fort is, e, brave. 

fortiter, bravely. 

fortitiido, dinis, f., bravery. 

fortiina, ae, y., fortune. 

forum, i, N., the forum. 

fossa, ae, f., ditch. 

frango,ere, fregi, ixd.Q,\ximyweaken. 

f rater, tris, m., brother. 

friimentarius, a, um, abounding 
in graitt. 

friimentum, i, n., grain. 

friistra, adv., in vain. 

fuga, ae, y., flight. 



114 



LATIN LESSONS 



fugio, ere, fugi, fngiium, Jiee. 

fvLgby are, avi, atum, put to flight. 

funale, is, n., wax torch. 

f undo, ere, fudi, fusum, shed; rout. 

Furculae, arum, f. pi., Furculae 
Caudinae, the Caudine Forks^ 
a narrow defile in Italy. 

G 

Gabinius, i, m., Gabinius. 
Gain, orum, m. pi., Gauls. 
Gallia, ae, f., Gaul. 
Gallicus, a, um, Gallic. 
Garumna, ae, f., Garonne, a river 

of Gaul. 
geminus, a, um, twin-born, twin. 
Genava, ae, f., Geneva. 
gens, gent is, f., tribe. 
genus, eris, n., birth, family. 
German!, 5rum, m. pL, Germans. 
Germania, ae, f., Germany. 
gero, ere, gessi, %jts\uvQ.y perform ; 

bellum ger5, wage war. 
gigno, ere, genui, genitum, beget ; 

pass., be born. 
gladiator, oris, m., gladiator. 
gladiatorius, a, um, of gladiators, 
gladius, i, m., sword. 
gloria, ae, f., glory. 
Gracchus, i, m., Gracchus. 
Graeci, orum, m. pi., Greeks. 
Graecia, ae, f., Greece. 
Graioceli, orum, m. pi., Graioceli, 

a people of Gaul, 
graphium, i, n., writing-style. 
gratia, ae, ¥., favor ; influence. 
gratus, a, um, pleasing. 
gravis, e, severe^ serious. 
graviter, severely. 



habeo, ere, ui, itum, have ; ora- 

tionem habeo, deliver a speech. 
Hamilcar, caris, m., Hamilcar. 
Hannibal, balis, m., Hannibal, 
Hanno, onis, m., Hanno. 
Hasdrubal, balis, m., Hasdrubal. 
Helvetius, a, um, Helvetian; pi. 

Helvetii, orum, m., Helvetians, 

a people of Gaul. 
Herennius, i, m., Herennius. 
hiberna, orum, n. pi., winter 

quarters. 
hie, haec, hoc, this. 
hiemo, are, avi, atum, pass the 

winter. 
hiems, emis, f., winter, 
Hiero, onis, m., Hiero, 
hinc, hence. 

Hispania, ae, f., Spain, 
homo, minis, m., man. 
honor, oris, m., hoftor. 
hora, ae, f., hour. 
hostis, is, M., enemy; pi., the enemy. 
humanitas, atis, f., refinement. 



iacio, ere, ieci, iactum, throw. 

iactatio, onis, f., tossing. 

iam, now ; already. 

laniculum, i, n., faniculum, one 
of the hills of Rome. 

ibi, there. 

idem, eadem, idem, the same. 

idoneus, a, um, suitable. 

Idus, uum, F. pi., the Ides, the 1 5th 
of March, May, July, and October, 
and the 13th of other months. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



115 



igitur, postpositive, accordingly, 

ignis, is, M.,Jire. 

ille, ilia, illud, that ; he, she, it ; 
pL, they. 

immortalis, e, ifnmortal. 

immotus, a, um, tmnzoved. 

impatiens, entis, iinpatient, not 
able to e7idure. 

impedimentum, i, n., hi7tdra7tce ; 
pi., baggage. 

impedio, ire, ivi (ii), itum, hinder. 

impendeo, ere, overhang; threaten. 

imperator, oris, m., commander. 

imperium, i, n., command ; power, 
control. 

impero, are, avi, atum, command; 
levy. 

impetro, are, avi, atum, obtain 
(by request). 

impetus, us, m., attack. 

importo, are, avi, atum, bring in, 
import. 

improbo, are, avi, atum, disap- 
prove, reject. 

in, prep, with ace, into, to; against; 
in; with abl., in, on ; among. 

incendium, i, ^.,fire. 

incend5, ere, cendi, censum, burn. 

incite, are, avi, atum, urge on; 
incite. 

incolo, ere, ui, inhabit, dwell. 

incolumis, e, unharmed, safe. 

incredibilis, e, incredible. 

inde, thence. 

indicium, i, n., information. 

indico, ere, dixi, dictum, declare. 

induco, ere, duxi, ductum, lead 
in ; induce. 

ineo, ire, ii, itum, enter ; consi- 
lium ineo, form a plan. 



inermis, e, unarmed. 

inferior, ius, comp. of inferus, 
lower. 

infero, ferre, tuli, illatum, brt^ig 
upon, inflict; bellum infero, 
make war on. 

infesto, are, avi, atum, i7tfest, 
ravage. 

infestus, a, um, hostile. 

infinitus, a, um, infinite, im- 
mense. 

influo, ere, fluxi, fluxum,7f^w into. 

infra, prep, with ace, below. 

ingenium, i, n., character ; ge- 
nius, ability. 

ingens, entis, huge, great. 

ingenuus, a, um, free-born. 

ingredior, gredi, gressus sum, en- 
ter. 

inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hos- 
tile ; inimicus, i, m., (personal) 
enemy. 

iniquus, a, um, unkind ; unfavor- 
able. 

initium, i, n., beginning. 

iniuria, ae, f., injury, wrong. 

inopia, ae, f., want. 

inopinans, antis, not expecting. 

inquam, def., say. 

insidiae, arum, f. pi., ambush ; 
plot. 

insignis, e, re7narkable, memorable. 

insolens, entis, i7tsolent, arrogant. 

insolenter, haughtily, arrogantly. 

instituo, ere, stitui, stitiitum, 
establish. 

institutum, i, n., institution, cus- 
tom. 

instruo, ere, striixi, structum, 
draw up. 



ii6 



LATIN LESSONS 



insula, ae, f., island. 

intellego, ere, lexi, lectum, know, 

understand. 
inter, prep, with ace, between, 

a7no7ig. 
intercede, ere, cessi, cessum, ht- 

tervene. 
interdiu, by day. 
interea, meanwhile. 
interficio, ere, feci, fectum, kill. 
interim, meanwhile. 
interimo, ere, emi, emptum, kill. 
interregnum, i, n., inter7'egnum. 
intra, prep, with ace, within. 
invado, ere, vasi, vasum, invade. 
inveni5, ire, veni, ventum, yf;/^. 
invitus, a, um, tmwilling, against 

07ie^s will. 
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self. 
irrideo, ere, risi, risum, ridicule. 
irruo, ere, rui, rusk into. 
is, ea, id, that ; he, she, it; pi., 

they. 
iste, ista, istud, that. 
ita, thus, so. 
Italia, ae, f., Italy. 
itaque, therefore. 
item, likewise. 
iter, itineris, n., journey, march ; 

road ; iter facio, march. 
iterum, agaift, a second time. 
iubed, ere, iussi, iussum, order. 
iudex, dicis, yi., judge. 
indicium, i, n., trial. 
iudico, are, avi, atum,7W^^. 
iugulum, i, N., throat. 
iugum, i, ^.,yoke. 
lugurtha, ae, m., Jugurtha, king 

of Numidia. 
liilius, i, yi., Julius, a Roman name. 



iumentum, i, n., beast of bur deft. 
iungo, ere, iunxi, \\mc\xim, join. 
Junius, i, M., Junius, a Roman 

name. 
luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter. 
lura, ae, m.. Jura, a range of 

mountains in Gaul. 
iuro, are, avi, atum, swear. 
ius, iuris, n., right, law, justice. 
ius iurandum, iuris iurandi, n., 

oath. 
(iussus, us), M., used only in abl. 

sing., order. 
iustus, a, um,y//o< 
iuvo, are, iuvi, iutum, aid. 

K 

Kalendae, arum, f. pi., the Calends, 
the first day of the month. 



L., abbreviation for Lucius, a 
Roman first name. 

Labienus, i, m., Labienus, a lieu- 
tenant of Caesar. 

labor, 5ris, m., labor. 

laboro, are, avi, atum, suffer. 

lacrima, ae, f., tear. 

lacus, us, M., lake. 

lapis, idis, m., stone. 

largitio, onis, f., bribery. 

late, widely ; longe lateque, far 
and wide. 

latitude, dinis, f., breadth. 

Latium, i, n., Latium, a country 
of Italy. 

Latobrigi, orum, m. pi., Latobrigi, 
a people of Gaul. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



117 



latus, eris, n., side^fiank ; ab la- 
tere, on the flank. 

latus, a, um, broad, wide. 

laudo, are, avi, atum, praise. 

Lavinia, ae, f., Lavinia. 

Lavinium, i, n., Lavinium, a town 
of Italy. 

lectica, ae, f,, litter. 

legatio, onis, f., embassy. 

legatus, i, M., ambassador ; lieu- 
tenant. 

legio, onis, f., legion. 

Lemannus, i, m., Lake of Geneva. 

lenitas, atis, f., smoothness. 

letalis, ^^ fatal. 

lex, legis, f., law. 

liber, era, enim,/r^^. 

liberi, orum, m. pL, children. 

libero, are, avi, atum,/r^^. 

libertas, atis, f., liberty. 

licet, ere, licuit, impers., it is 
permitted ; (one) may. 

Licinius, i, m., Licinius, a Roman 
name. 

Ligures, um, m. pi., Ligurians, a 
people of Cisalpine Gaul. 

Lilybaeum, i, n., Lilybaeum, a 
promontory of Sicily. 

lingua, ae, f., language. 

linter, tris, f., boat. 

litterae, arum, f. pi., letter. 

locus, i, M., place; pi. loca, orum, n. 

longe,y^r, by far. 

longitiido, dinis, f., length. 

longus, a, um, long. 

Lucretia, ae, f., Lucretia. 

liidus, i, M., school. 

lupa, ae, f., she-wolf. 

Lutatius, i, m., Lutatius, a Roman 
name. 



M 

M., abbreviation for Marcus, a 
Roman first name. 

Macedonia, ae, f., Macedonia, a 
country north of Greece. 

magis, adv., more, rather. 

magistratus, iis, m., magistrate. 

magnitiido, dinis, f., greatness, 
size. 

magnus, a, um, large, great. 

maior, us, comp. of magnus, lar- 
ger, greater. 

maiores, um, m. pi., a7icestors. 

maleficium, 1, n., harm. 

malo, malle, malui, /r^^r. 

malum, i, n., misfortune. 

malus, a, um, bad, wicked. 

mando, are, avi, atum, commit; 
coTnmand. 

mane, early in the morning. 

maneo, ere, mansi, mansum, re- 
main. 

Manlius, i, m., Manlius, a Roman 
name. 

maniimitto, ere, misi, missum, 
set free. 

manus, us, F., hand ; band (of 
men). 

Marcius, i, m., Marcius, a Roman 
name. 

mare, is, n., sea. 

maritimus, a, um, maritime ; 5ra 
maritima, sea- coast. 

maritus, i, m., husband. 

Marius, i, m., Marius. 

Mars, Mart is, m., Mars. 

Martins, a, um, of March. 

mater, tris, f., mother. 

matrimonium, i, n., marriage. 



ii8 



LATIN LESSONS 



Matrona, ae, f., Mame, a river of 

Gaul. 
maturo, are, avi, atum, hasten. 
maxime, adv., most^ especially. 
maximus, a, um, sup. of magnus, 

largest^ greatest. 
medius, a, um, middle., middle of. 
melior, ius, comp. of bonus, better. 
memini, isse, def., remember. 
memoria, ae, f., memory. 
mensis, is, m., month. 
mentio, onis, f., mention. 
mercator, oris, m., trader. 
mereo, ere, ui, itum, deserve, ea^'n. 
mereor, eri, itus sum, deserve. 
mergo, ere, mersi, mersum, sink. 
meridies, diei, m., noon. 
meritum, i, n., service. 
Messala, ae, m., Messala. 
metus, lis, M..,fear. 
meus, a, um, my. 
migro, are, avi, atum, depart. 
miles, itis, m., soldier. 
milito, are, avi, atum, serve in war. 
mille, indecl., thousand; pi. milia, 

ium, N. (New, § 134 d\ Old, 

§ 94 e). 
Minerva, ae, f., Minerva. 
minime, adv., sup. of parum, least. 
minimus, a, um, sup. of parvus, 

smallest, least. 
minor, ari, atus sum, threaten. 
minor, us, comp. of parvus, 

smaller ; minor {vaX\\)^ younger. 
minus, adv., comp. of parum, less. 
miser, era, erum, wretched. 
Mithridates, is, m., Mithridates. 
Mithridaticus, a, um, Mithridatic. 
mitto, ere, misi, missum, send. 
modus, i, M., manner, kind. 



moenia, ium, n. pi., walls (of a city). 

mollio, ire, ivi, itum, soften^ 
moderate. 

molo, ere, ui, itum, grind. 

monitus, iis, m., advice. 

mons, montis, m., mountain, 

mora, ae, f., delay. 

morbus, i, m., disease. 

morior, mori, mortuus sum, die. 

moror, ari, atus sum, delay. 

mors, mortis, f., death. 

m5s, moris, m., custom ; pi., char- 
acter. 

motus, us, M., revolt. 

moveo, ere, movi, motum, move ; 
stir up. 

mox, soo7t. 

multitiido, dinis, f., multitude^ 
great number. 

multo, adv., much, by far. 

multum, adv., much. 

multus, a, um, much ; pi., many. 

munio, ire, ivi (ii), Wxcaa^ fortify. 

munitio, onis, 1^ ., fortification. 

miirus, i, m., wall. 

N 

nam, for. 

Nammeius, i, m., Nammeius, a 

Helvetian, 
nascor, nasci, natus sum, be born. 
natiira, ae, f., nature. 
(natus, lis), m., used only in abl. 

sing., birth. 
nauta, ae, m., sailor. 
navalis, e, naval. 
navigatio, onis, f., navigation 
navigo, are, avi, atum, sail. 
navis, is, f., ship. 
-ne, enclitic interrogative particle. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



ti9 



ne, not; that . . . not^ lest; ne . . . 

quidem, not even (New, § 322/; 

Old, §151^). 
nee, see neque. 
necessarius, i, m., relative. 
neco, are, avi, atum, kill. 
nego, are, avi, atum, deny. 
nemo, (neminis), m., no one. 
nepos, otis, m., gra7tdson. 
neque (nee) , a^id not, nor ; neque 

(nee) . . . neque (nee), neither 

. . . nor. 
Nervii, orum, m. pi., Nervii, a 

people of Gaul. 
nihil, N., indecl., 7iothing ; ace. as 

adv., not at all. 
nihilum, i, n., nothing ; abl. ni- 

hilo, by 7iothing ; nihilo minus, 

none the less. 
nisi, if not., unless. 
n5bilis, e, 7ioble. 
n5bilitas, atis, f., nobility. 
noetu, by night. 

noeturnus, a, um, night, at night. 
nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling. 
nomen, minis, n., name. 
non, not. 

nonagesimus, a, um, ninetieth, 
nondum, not yet. 
nonnullus, a, um, some. 
nonnumquam, sometimes. 
Noreia, ae, f., Noreia, a city of 

Gaul. 
Norieus, a, um, Norican. 
nos, nostrum, see ego. 
noster, tra, trum, our. 
novem, indecl,, nine. 
novus, a, um, new ; novae res, 

revolution ; novissimum agmen, 

the rear. 



nox, noetis, f., night. 

nubo, ere, niipsi, niiptum, marry. 

nuUus, a, um (gen. -ius), 710, 

7l07ie. 

num, interrogative particle, ex- 
pecting answer No. 

Numa, ae, m., Ntcma (Fompilitcs), 
second king of Rome. 

numerus, i, m., number. 

Numidae, arum, m. pi., Nutnid- 
ians. 

Numidia, ae, f., Numidia, 3. coun- 
try of Africa. 

Numitor, oris, m., Nu7nitor. 

numquam, 7iever. 

nune, 7iow. 

nuntio, are, avi, atum, report. 

nuntius, i, m., 7nessenger. 

nuper, rece7itly. 

nutrio, ire, ivi, itum, 7turse, bri7ig 
up. 

nympha, ae, f., ny7nph. 



Ob, prep, with ace, on account of. 

obaeratus, i, m., debtor. 

obligo, are, avi, atum, bind, put 
under obligatio7t. 

obliviseor, livisei, litus sum,/?r- 
get. 

oboedio, ire, ivi, itum, obey. 

obses, sidis, m., hostage. 

obsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, be- 
siege, blockade. 

obstringo, ere, strinxi, strietum, 
bi7td. 

obtestor, ari, atus sum, e7itreat. 

obtineo, ere, ui, tentum, hold, 
obtain, possess. 



120 



LATIN LESSONS 



obvolvo, ere, volvi, volutum, 

cover. 
OCCaSUS, us, M., setting. 

occido, ere, cidi, cisum, kill. 
occupo, are, avi, atum, occupy, 

seize. 
occurro, ere, curri, cursum, meet. 
Oceanus, i, m., ocean. 
Ocelum, i, n., Ocehim, a town of 

Gaul. 
Octavianus, i, m., Octavianus. 
octavus, a, um, eighth. 
octogesimus, a, um, eightieth. 
octoginta, indecl., eighty. 
odium, i, n., hatred. 
omnino, altogether. 
omnis, e, all. 

opinio, 5nis, v., opinion; reputation. 
oportet, ere, oportuit, impeis., it 

is necessary, it is proper ; {one) 

ought. 
oppidum, i, n., town. 
oppugno, are, avi, atum, assault. 
optimus, a, um, sup. of bonus, 

best, most excellent. 
optio, onis, f., choice. 
opus, eris, n., work. 
5ra, ae, f., coast. 
oratio, onis, f., speech ; orati5nem 

habeo, deliver a speech. 
orator, oris, m., orator. 
orbis, is, m., circle ; orbis terra- 
rum, the world. 
ordino, are, avi, atum, arrange, 

institute. 
ordo, dinis, m., order, rank. 
orior, iri, ortus sum, rise, arise. 
oro, are, avi, atum, beg, entreat. 
ostendd, ere, tendi, tentum, show; 

declare. 



P., abbreviation for Publius, a 
Roman first name. 

paco, are, avi, atum, pacify, sub- 
due. 

paene, almost. 

paenitet, ere, paenituit, impers., 
// repents ; me paenitet, / re- 
pent. 

pagus, i, M., district, canton. 

paliis, iidis, f., swamp. 

par, paris, equal. 

paratus, a, um, ready. 

parco, ere, peperci, parsum, 
spare. 

pario, ere, peperi, paritum or 
partum, bring forth. 

paro, are, avi, atum, prepare. 

pars, partis, f., part ; side, direc- 
tion. 

parum, adv., little, too little. 

parvus, a, um, small. 

passus, us, M., pace ; mille pas- 
siis, mile ; pi. milia passuum. 

pastor, oris, m., shepherd. 

patefacio, ere, feci, factum (pass. 
patefi5), open ; disclose. 

patens, entis, open. 

pateo, ere, ui, be open ; be clear. 

pater, tris, yi., father. 

paternus, a, um, of one's father. 

patior, pati, passus sum, suffer, 
endure ; allow. 

patria, ae, f., (native) country. 

patrimonium, i, n., inheritance. 

pauci, ae, a, pl.,/^w. 

paulatim, gradually. 

paulo, adv., by a little, a little. 

paulum, adv., a little. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



121 



Paulus, i, M., Paulus^ a Roman 

name. 
pax, pads, y., peace. 
pecunia, ae, f., money. 
pedes, itis, m., foot-soldier ; pi., 

infantry. 
pedester, tris, tre, on foot ; pedes- 

tres copiae, infantry. 
peior, us, comp. of malus, worse. 
pellicio, ere, lexi, lectum, entice. 
pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum, drive ; 

rout. 
per, prep, with ace, through; 



percussor, oris, m., murderer. 

perdo, ere, didi, ditum, lose. 

perduco, ere, duxi, ductum, ex- 
tend. 

perennis, e, everlasting. 

pereo, ire, ii, Wyxm.^ perish^ die. 

perfacilis, e, very easy. 

perfero, ferre, tuli, latum, con- 
vey ; endure. 

perficio, ere, feci, fectum, carry 
out, complete. 

periculum, i, n., danger. 

peritus, a, um, skilled. 

permoveo, ere, movi, motum, 
alarm, disturb. 

perpauci, ae, a, pi., very few. 

perpetuo, adv., perpetually. 

perrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, 
break through. 

persolvo, ere, solvi, solutum, 
pay. 

persuadeo, ere, suasi, suasum, 
persuade. 

perterreo, ere, ui, itum, terrify. 

pertineo, ere, ui, extend ; pertain, 
tend. 



perturbo, are, avi, atum, disturb, 

throw into confusion. 
pervenio, ire, veni, ventum, come, 

arrive. 
pes, pedis, M.,foot. 
pessimus, a, um, sup. of malus, 

worst, most wicked. 
peto, ere, ivi (ii), itum, seek, beg; 

attack ; go to. 
Pharsalus, i, f., Pharsalus, a 

town of Thessaly. 
pilum, i, ^., javelin. 
Piso, onis, m., Piso. 
placeo, ere, ui, itum, please. 
plebs, plebis, f., commoit people. 
pliirimus, a, um, sup. of multus, 

most, very much. 
plus, pliiris, comp. of multus, 

more. 
poena, ae, F., punishment, pen- 
alty. 
Poeni, 5rum, m. pL, Carthagin- 
ians. 
polliceor, eri, itus sum, promise. 
Pompeius, i, m., Pompey. 
Pompilius, i, Pompilius ; see 

Numa. 
pono, ere, posui, positum, place ; 

castra p5no, pitch a camp. 
pons, pontis, m., bridge. 
Pontius, i, M., Pontius {Telesi- 

nus), a leader of the Sam- 

nites. 
Pontus, i, M., Pontus, a country of 

Asia Minor. 
populor, ari, atus sum, ravage. 
populus, i, M., people. 
porta, ae, f., gate. 
portendo, ere, tendi, tentum, 

foretell, predict. 



122 



LATIN LESSONS 



ports, are, avi, atum, carry. 

portus, us, M., harbor. 

posco, ere, poposci, demand. 

possessio, onis, f., possession. 

possideo, ere, sedi, sessum, pos- 
sess. 

possum, posse, potui, am able, 
can. 

post, adv., afterwards. 

post, prep, with ace, after, 

postea, afterwards. 

postquam, after. 

postridie, on the next day. 

postulo, are, avi, atum, de7?tand. 

Postumius, i, m., Fostumiusy a 
Roman name. 

potens, tniiB, powerful. 

potestas, atis, f., power. 

potior, iri, itus sum, obtain pos- 
session of 

praebeo, ere, ui, itum, hold out, 
offer. 

praecedo, ere, cessi, cessum, sur- 
pass. 

praecido, ere, cidi, cisum, cut off. 

praeclare, gloriously. 

praeda, ae, f., booty, phmder. 

praedo, onis, m., pirate. 

praedor, ari, atus sum, plunder. 

praefero, ferre, tuli, latum, pre- 
fer. 

praeficio, ere, feci, fectum, place 
in com,m,and of. 

praemium, i, n., reward. 

praesertim, especially. 

praesidium, i, n., protection; 
guard, garrison. 

praesto, are, stiti, stitum, excel. 

praesum, esse, fui, be in com- 
mand of 



praeter, prep, with ace, except. 
praetor, oris, m., praetor. 
praetorius, a, um, of praetorian 

rank. 
premo, ere, pressi, pressum, 

press hard ; overzvhelm. 
primo, at first. 
primum, di&w., first. 
primus, a, um, sup. of prior, 

first. 
princeps, cipis, adj., first, chief; 

as noun, M., chief, leading 

m.an. 
principatus, iis, m., leadership. 
prior, prius, comp. 2A]., former. 
Priscus, i, m., Priscus, surname 

of the first Tarquinius. 
priusquam, before. 
privatus, a, um, private. 
pro, prep, with abl., for, in behalf 

of; before ; instead of ; consider- 
ing. 
probo, are, avi, atum, show. 
Procas, ae, m., Procas, king of 

Alba, 
proconsul, ulis, m., proconsul. 
procul, far off, at a distance. 
prodigium, i, n., oijien. 
prodiico, ere, duxi, ductum, pro- 



proelium, i, n., 

profectid, onis, f., departure. 

proficiscor, ficisci, fectus sum, set 

out. 
profugio, ere, Ivi^^^fiee. 
progredior, gredi, gressus sum, 

adva7tce. 
prohibeo, ere, ui, itum, keep off, 

prevent. 
promineo, ere, ui, lean out. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



123 



promunturium, i, n., promon- 
tory, 

prope, adv. and prep, with ace, 
near. 

propior, ius, comp. of prope, 
nearer. 

propius, adv., comp. of prope, 
7iearer. 

propter, prep, with ace, on ac- 
count of. 

propterea, 07t this account ; prop- 
terea quod, because. 

proscribo, ere, scrips!, scriptum, 
publish ; proscribe. 

prosilio, ire, silui, spring up. 

prospere, successfully. 

prosum, prodesse, profui, profu- 
turus, beiiefit. 

provincia, ae, y., province. 

proxime, adv., sup. of prope, very 
near. 

proximus, a, um, sup. of prope, 
nearest^ next. 

Piiblicola, ae, m., PubUcola. 

publicus, a, um, public ; res pu- 
blica, gen. rei publicae, f., com- 
monwealth^ state. 

puer, pueri, m., boy. 

pueritia, ae, f., boyhood. 

pugio, onis, m., dagger. 

pugna, ae, y., fight, battle. 

pugno, are, avi, ^X^^xsi^ fight. 

pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. 

Punicus, a, um, Puitic. 

punio, ire, ivi, itum, punish. 

puto, are, avi, atum, think. 

Pyrenaeus, a, um, Pyrenean ; as 
noun, Pyrenaeus, i, m., Pyre- 
nees. 



Q., abbreviation for Quintus, a 
Roman first name. 

qua, adv., where. 

quadraginta, indecl., forty. 

quadringentesimus, a, um, four 
hundredth. 

quadringenti, ae, di^ four hundred. 

quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitum, 
inquire. 

quam, than. 

quamquam, although. 

quantus, a, um, how great. 

quare, wherefore. 

quartus, a, \^xs).^ fourth. 

quasi, as if 

quattuor, indecl., /^^/r. 

quattuordecim, indecl., fourteen. 

-que, enclitic conj., and. 

queror, queri, questus sum, coin- 
plain. 

qui, quae, quod, who, which, that. 

quia, because. 

quid, why ? 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam 
(quoddam), a certain. 

quidem, indeed ; ne . . . quidem, 
not even (New, § 322 /; Old, 

§151^)- 

quietus, a, um, calm. 

quin, that. 

quindecim, md^zV, fifteen. 

quingentesimus, a, mvcl^ five hun- 
dredth. 

quingenti, ae, di^five htindred. 

quinquagesimus, a, um^ fiftieth, 

quinque, indeoX., five. 

quintum, adv.,/^r the fifth time. 

quintus, a, mxtl^ fifth. 



124 



LATIN LESSONS 



quis, quid, interrog. pron., who ? 

what? adj. qui, quae, quod, 

which ? what ? 
quis, quid, indef. pron., any one^ 

anything (New, § 149 b\ Old, 

§ 105 d), 
quisquam,quidquam (quicquam), 

any one^ anything. 
quisque, quidque, adj. quisque, 

quaeque, quodque, each, every. 
quo, conj., that, in order that. 
quod, because; the fact that, that. 
quominus, that not,fro7n. 
quoniam, since. 
quoque, postpositive, also. 



ratis, is, f., raft. 

Rauraci, orum, m. pL, Rauraci, a 

people of Gaul, 
recedo, ere, cessi, cessum, retire, 

withdraw. 
recens, entis, recent. 
recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, recover; 

receive ; with reflexive se, retreat. 
reddo, ere, didi, ditum, give back ; 

render. 
rede5, ire, ii, itum, return. 
reditio, onis, f., return. 
refer5, ferre, rettuli, relatum, 

bring back. 
refluo, QXtyfow back. 
regina, ae, f., queen. 
regi5, onis, f., region. 
regno, are, avi, atum, reign. 
regnum, i, n., royal power ; king- 
dom. 
rego, ere, rexi, rectum, rule. 
regredior, gredi, gressus sum, 

return. 



relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, leave. 

reliquus, a, um, remainittg, rest 
of; pi. reliqui, orum, m., the rest. 

Remus, i, m., Remus. 

renovo, are, avi, atum, renew. 

renuntio, are, avi, atum, report. 

renuo, ere, nui, refuse. 

repello, ere, reppuli, repulsum, 
drive back, repulse. 

repentinus, a, um, sudden, unex- 
pected. 

reperio, ire, repperi, repertum, 
discover. 

res, rei, f., thing, matter, affair ; 
res piiblica, comrnonwealth, state. 

rescindo, ere, scidi, scissum, de- 
stroy. 

resists, ere, stiti, resist. 

responded, ere, spondi, sponsum, 
reply. 

responsum, i, n., reply. 

restituo, ere, stitui, stitutum, re- 
store. 

retineo, ere, ui, tentum, detain, keep. 

revertor, verti, (reverti, perf. act.), 
return. 

rex, regis, m., king. 

Rhea, ae, f., Rhea [Silvia), mother 
of Romulus and Remus. 

Rhenus, i, m., Rhine. 

Rhodanus, i, m., Rhone. 

ripa, ae, f., bank. 

rogo, are, avi, atum, ask. 

Roma, ae, f., Ro7ne. 

Romanus, a, um, Roman; pi. 
Romani, orum, m., Romans. 

Romulus, i, M., Romulus. 

rostrum, i, n., beak (of ship) ; pi., 
the rostra. 

rursus, again. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



125 



Sabini, orum, m. pi., Sabines, a 
people of Italy. 

sacer, era, crum, sacred ; sacra, 
orum, N. pi., sacred rites. 

sacerdos, otis, f., priestess. 

saepe, often. 

Saguntini, 5rum, m. pi., Sagun- 
tines. 

Saguntum, i, n., Saguntiim^ a 
town of Spain. 

salus, utis, F., safety. 

Samnites, ium, m. pi., Samnites^ 
a people of Italy. 

sanguis, inis, m., blood. 

Santones, um, or Santoni, orum, 
M. pi., Santones^ a people of 
Gaul. 

sapiens, entis, wise. 

satis, adv., enough. 

scelus, eris, n., cri7ne. 

scio, ire, ivi, itum, know. 

Scipio, onis, m., Scipio. 

scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptum, 
write. ' 

sciitum, i, n., shield. 

se, himself herself itself them- 
selves. 

secundus, a, um, second ; favor- 
able. 

sed, hut. 

sedecim, indecl., sixteen. 

seditio, onis, f., sedition^ mu- 
tiny. 

Segusiavi, orum, m. pi., Segusiavi, 
a people of Gaul. 

semel, once. 

sementis, is, f., sowing. 

semper, always. 



Sempronius, i, M., Sempronius^ 
a Roman name. 

senator, oris, m., senator. 

senatus, lis, m., senate. 

Senones, um, m. pi., Senones^ a 
people of Gaul. 

sententia, ae, f., opinion. 

sentio, ire, sensi, sensum, per- 
ceive. 

sepelio, ire, ivi, sepultum, bury. 

septem, indecl., seven. 

septentrio, onis, and pi. septen- 
triones, um, m., the north. 

Septimus, a, um, seventh. 

septingentesimus, a, um, seven 
hundredth. 

septuaginta, indecl., seventy. 

Sequana, ae, f., Seine ^ a river of 
Gaul. 

Sequanus, i, m., a Sequanian ; pi. 
Sequani, orum, m., Sequanians, 
a people of Gaul. 

sequor, sequi, seciitus sum, fol- 
low. 

servitus, utis, f., slavery. 

Servius Tullius, i, m., Servius 
Tullius^ sixth king of Rome. 

servo, are, avi, atum, save ; guard, 
protect. 

servus, i, m., slave. 

sex, indecl., six. 

sexaginta, indecl., sixty. 

sexcentesimus, a, um, six hun- 
dredth. 

sextus, a, um, sixth. 

si, if-^ 

sic, so. 

siccus, a, um, dry. 

Sicilia, ae, f., Sicily, 

sicuti, just as. 



126 



LATIN LESSONS 



Signum, i, N., signal ; standard. 

silva, ae, ^.^ forest. 

Silvia, ae, f., Silvia ; see Rhea. 

Silvius, i, M., Silvitis {Procas), 
king of Alba. 

similis, e, like. 

simul, at the same time. 

sine, prep, with abl., without. 

singuli, ae, a, pi., one by one^ one 
each. 

sive . . . sive, whether . . . or. 

SOCer, eri, M.^ father-in-law. 

SOCietas, atis, F., alliance. 

socius, i, M., companion^ ally. 

solum, i, N., soil. 

solum, only ; non solum . . . sed 
etiam, not only . . . but also. 

solus, a, um (gen. -ius), alone ^ 
only. 

sors, sortis, Y.,fate. 

Spartacus, i, m., Spartacus. 

spatium, i, N., distance; inter- 
val. 

species, ei, f., appearance. 

specto, are, avi, atum, face, lie. 

spero, are, avi, atum, hope. 

spes, spei, f., hope, 

spolium, i, N., spoil., booty. 

sponte, f. abl., on one's own ac- 
count. 

Spurius, i, m., Spurius, a Roman 
first name. 

statim, immediately. 

statio, onis, f., outpost. 

statuo, ere, statui, statutum, de- 
termine. 

stipendiarius, a, um, tributary. 

strenuus, a, um, active. 

strings, ere, strinxi, strictum, 
draw. 



studeo, ere, ui, desire. 

studium, i, N., desire ; zeal. 

sub, prep, with ace, under ; with 
abl., U7tder, at the foot of 
(New, §220^; Old, § 152 c). 

subed, ire, ii, itum, tmdergo. 

subigo, ere, egi, actum, subdue, 

subito, suddenly. 

sublevo, are, avi, atum, assist. 

subsidium, i, n., reinforcement ; 
assistance. 

subveni5, ire, veni, ventum, aid^ 
assist. 

Sulla, ae, m., Sulla. 

sum, esse, fui, futiirus, be. 

summus, a, um, sup. of superus, 
highest, greatest ; top of. 

siimo, ere, siimpsi, siimptum, 
take. 

superbus, a, um, proud. 

superior, ius, comp. of superus, 
higher, upper. 

supero, are, avi, atum, defeat. 

supervenio, ire, veni, ventum, 
come up. 

suppeto, ere, ivi, itum, be at 
hand. 

supplicium, i, n., punishment ; 
siimo supplicium de, inflict 
punishment 07t. 

suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, un- 
dertake, assume. 

suspicio, onis, f., suspicion. 

sustineo, ere, ui, tentum, sus- 
tain. 

SUUS, a, um, his, her, its, their 
(own). 

Syphax, acis, m., Syphax. 

Syraciisae, arum, f. pL, Syracuse, 
a city of Sicily. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



127 



T., abbreviation for Titus, a 

Roman first name. 
tarn, so. 

tamen, yet, nevertheless. 
Tanaquil, ills, f., Tanaquil, wife 

of Tarquinius Priscus. 
tandem, at length. 
tantus, a, um, so greats so much. 
Tarquinius, i, m., Tarquin, name 

of two kings of Rome. 
tego, ere, texi, tectum, cover; 

protect. 
Telesinus, i, m., Telesinus ; see 

Pontius, 
telum, i, N., spear, weapon. - 
tempero, are, avi, atum, refrain. 
tempestas, atis, f., storm. 
templum, i, n., temple. 
tempto, are, avi, atum, try, 

attempt. 
tempus, oris, n., time. 
teneo, ere, ui, hold. 
Terentius, i, m., Terentius, a 

Roman name. 
terra, ae, f., land, country. 
tertius, a, um, third. 
Teuton!, orum, m. pi., Teutons. 
Thessalia, ae, f., Thessaly, a 

country of Greece. » 
Tiberis, is, m., Tiber. 
tibicen, cinis, ^i., flute-player. 
Ticinus, i, m., Ticinus, a river of 

Cisalpine Gaul. 
Tigurinus, a, um, of the Tigurini; 

pi. Tigurini, orum, m., Tigurini, 

a division of the Helvetians, 
timeo, ere, ui,/^^r. 
timor, oris, u.,fear. 



toga, ae, f., toga. 

tolero, are, avi, atum, endure. 

tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum, take 

up, take away. 
Tolosates, ium, m. pi., Tolosates, 

a people of Gaul, 
tot, indecl., so many. 
totus, a, um (gen. -ius), whole. 
trado, ere, didi, ditum, deliver 

up; say. 
traduco, ere, diixi, ductum, lead 

across. 
traici5, ere, ieci, iectum, cross 

over; pierce. 
trans, prep, with ace, across. 
transeo, ire, ii, itum,^^ over, cross. 
transigo, ere, egi, actum, flnish ; 

pass, spend. 
transilio, ire, ui, leap over. 
transitus, iis, m., crossing. 
Trasumenus, i, m., Trasu?nenus, a 

lake in Etruria. 
Trebia, ae, m., Trebia, a river of 

Cisalpine Gaul, 
trecentesimus, a, um, three hun- 
dredth. 
tredecim, indecl., thirteen. 
tres, tria, three. 
tribiinus, i, m., tribune. 
tribuo, ere, ui, iitum, grant. 
tricesimus, a, um, thirtieth. 
triduum, i, n., three days. 
triginta, indecl., thirty. 
triumpho, are, avi, IXxim., triumph, 

celebrate a triumph. 
Troiani, orum, m. pi., Trojans. 
tu, tui, thou, you; pi. yos^ you. 
tueor, tueri, guard. 
Tulingi, orum, m. pi., Tulingi, a 

people of Germany. 



128 



LATIN LESSONS 



Tullius, i, M., Tullius, a Roman 

name. 
turn, then. 

tumultus, us, M., tumult^ uproar. 
turpis, e, disgraceful. 
turris, is, f., tower. 
tutus, a, um, safe. 
tuus, a, um, thy, your. 

U 

uber, eris, N., udder, breast. 
ubi, where ; when. 
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, avenge. 
ullus, a, um (gen. -ius), any. 
ulterior, ius, comp. 2id]., farther. 
ultimus, a, um, sup. of ulterior, 

farthest, most distant. 
ultra, prep, with ace, beyond. 
umerus, i, m., shoulder. 
iina, adv., together. 
unde, whence. 
iindecim, indecl., eleven. 
iindequinquaginta, indecl., forty- 
nine. 
undique,yr^w all sides, on all sides. 
iiniversus, a, um, all together, 

whole. 
iinus, a, um (gen. -ius), one. 
urbs, urbis, f., city ; especially 

Rome. 
ut, uti, that, in order that ; so that ; 

as. 
uter, utra, utrum (gen. -ius), 

which (of two). 
uterque, utraque, utrumque (gen. 

utriusque), each (of two), both. 
utilis, e, useful. 
utinam, would that ! 
utor, iiti, iisus sum, use, enjoy. 



utrimque, on both sides. 

utrum, whether; utrum . . . an, 

whether . . . or. 
uxor, oris, f., wife ; uxorem diico, 

marry. 



vacuus, a, um, empty. 
vadum, i, ^.,ford. 
vagitus, us, M., crying. 
vagor, ari, atus sum, roam. 
Valerius, i, m., Valerius, a Roman 

name. 
valles, is, f., valley. 
vallum, i, N., rampart. 
Varro, onis, m., Varro. 
vasto, are, avi, atum, lay waste. 
vehementer, violently, exceedingly, 
vel, or ; vel . . . vel, either . . . or. 
vendo, ere, didi, ditum, sell. 
venenum, i, n., poison. 
venio, ire, veni, ventum, come. 
ventus, i, m., wind. 
vereor, eri, itus sum,/^^r. 
vergo, ere, incline, slope. 
vero, postpositive, but, however. 
Verona, ae, f., Verona, a city of 

Italy. 
Verucloetius, i, m., Verucloetius, a 

Helvetian. 
Vesta, ae, f., Vesta, goddess of 

the household. 
Vestalis, e. Vestal. 
vester, tra, trum, your. 
Veturius, i, m., Veturius, a Roman 

name. 
vetus, eris, old. 
vexo, are, avi, atum, harass, 

ravage. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



129 



via, ae, f., road. 
vicesimus, a, um, twentieth. 
victor, oris, m., conqueror ; as adj., 

victorious. 
victoria, ae, f., victory. 
vicus, i, M., village. 
video, ere, vidi, visum, see. 
videor, eri, visus sum (pass, of 

video), see7n. 
vigilia, ae, f., watch. 
viginti, indecl., twenty. 
villa, ae, f., country-seat. 
vinco, ere, vici, victum, overcome^ 

defeat. 
vinculum, i, n., chain. 
vindex, icis, m., defender. 
vir, viri, m., man. 
vires, ium, pi. of vis. 
Virginia, ae, f., Virginia. 
virgO, ginis, f., virgin^ maiden. 



virtiis, iitis, f., virtue^ valor. 
vis, vis, F., force, violence ; pi. 

vires, ium, strength (New, § 79 ; 

Old, §61). 
vita, ae, f., life. 
vit5, are, avi, atum, avoid. 
vivo, ere, vixi, victum, live. 
vix, scarcely, with difficulty. 
voco, are, avi, atum, call. 
Vocontii, orum, m. pi., Vocontii, a 

people of Gaul. 
VOlo, velle, VOlui, wish, be willing. 
voluntas, atis, f., consent. 
vos, vestrum, see tu. 
vulnero, are, avi, atum, wound. 
vulnus, eris, n., wound. 



Zama, ae, f., Za77ia, a town of 
Africa. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



ability, ingenium, i, n. 

able, be, possum, posse, potui. 

about, circiter, adv. and prep, with 

ace. ; fere, adv. 
access, aditus, us, m. 
accomplish, confici5, ere, feci, fec- 

tum. 
account, on this, propterea. 
account of, on, propter, /^^/. with 

ace. 
accuse, accuso, are, avi, atum. 
accustomed, become, consuesco, 

ere, suevi, suetum. 
across, trans, prep, with ace. 
advance, progredior, gredi, gressus 

sum. 
advice, consilium, i, n. 
Aeduan, Aeduus, a, um; Aeduans, 

Aedui, orum, m.//. 
after {conj.)^ postquam. 
after, post,/r^/. with ace. 
afterwards, postea. 
again, rursus. 

against, contra, prep, with ace. 
against one^s will, invitus, a, um. 
aid, auxilium, i, N. 
aid, iuv5, are, iuvi, iutum. 
alarm, commove5, ere, movi, mo- 

tum ; permoveo, ere, movi, mo- 

tum. 
all, omnis, e. 



Allobroges, AUobroges, um, m. pi. 

allow, patior, pati, passus sum. 

ally, socius, i, m. 

almost, fere. 

alone, solus, a, um. 

Alps, Alpes, ium, f. pi. 

already, iam. 

also, etiam. 

although, quamquam; etsi; cum. 

always, semper. 

ambassador, legatus, i, m. 

ambush, insidiae, arum, T.pl. 

among, inter ; apud ; prep, with ace. 

ancestors, maiores, um, u. pi. 

and, et ; atque ; -que {enclitic). 

and not, neque (nee). 

another, alius, a, ud. 

any, ullus, a, um. 

any one, anything, quis, quid 

(New, §149^; Old, §1050^). 
approach, adventus, us, m. 
approach, accedo, ere, cessT, ces- 

sum. 
Ariovistus, Ariovistus, 1, m. 
arm, armo, are, avi, atum. 
arms, arma, orum, n. //. 
army, exercitus, us, m. ; army (in 

battle array) y acies, ei, F. ; army 

(on the mareh)y agmen, minis, N. 
arrival, adventus, us, m. 
arrive, perveni5, ire, veni, ventum. 
as, ut, with ind. 
ask, rogo, are, avi, atum. 



131 



132 



LATIN LESSONS 



assault, oppugn5, are, avi, atum. 
assistance, subsidium, i, n. 
Athens, Athenae, arum, Y. pi. 
attack, impetus, us, m. 
attack, adorior, irT, ortus sum ; 

aggredior, gredi, gressus sum. 
authority, auctdritas, atis, f. 
auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, n.//. 
avoid, vTto, are, avi, atum. 
await, exspecto, are, avi, atum. 
away, be, absum, abesse, afui, af u- 

turus. 

B 

bad, malus, a, um. 
baggage, impedimenta, orum, N.//. 
band {of^nen), manus, us, F. 
bank, ripa, ae, F. 
barbarian, barbarus, i, m. 
battle, proelium, i, n.; pugna, ae, F. 
be, sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latum. 
beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrum. 
because, quod. 
become, fio, fieri, factus sum. 
before {conj.)^ priusquam. 
before, ante, adv. and prep, with 

ace. ; pro, prep, with abl. 
beg, oro, are, avi, atum. 
began, coepi, isse. 
beginning, initium, i, n. 
Belgians, Belgae, arum, yi. pi. 
besiege, obside5, ere, sedi, sessum. 
between, inter, prep, with ace. 
blame, accuso, are, avi, atum. 
blockade, obsideo, ere, sedi, sessum. 
body, corpus, oris, n, 
bold, ferox, ocis. 
boldness, audacia, ae, f. 
booty, praeda, ae, f. 



born, be, nascor, nasci, natus sum. 

both . . . and, et . . . et. 

boy, puer, pueri, m. 

brave, fortis, e. 

bravely, fortiter. • 

bridge, pons, pontis, M. 

bright, clarus, a, um. 

bring, adduco, ere, duxi, ductum ; 

affero, ferre, attuli, allatum. 
bring about, efficio, ere, feci, fec- 

tum. 
bring together, c6g6, ere, coegi, 

coactum ; confero, ferre, tuli, col- 

latum. 
bring upon, infero, ferre, tuli, il- 

latum. 
Britain, Britannia, ae, F. 
broad, latus, a, um. 
brother, frater, tris, m. 
building, aedificium, i, n. 
burn, incendo, ere, cendi, censum. 
but, sed. 
by, a, ab,/r<f/. with abl. 



Caesar, Caesar, aris, m. 

call, appello, are, avi, atum ; voc5, 

are, avi, atum. 
call together, convoco, are, avi, 

atum. 
camp, castra, orum, n.//. 
can, possum, posse, potui. 
canton, pagus, i, m. 
captive, captlvus, T, m. 
capture, expugno, are, avi, atum. 
carefully, diligenter. 
carry, porto, are, avT, atum. 
Carthage, Carthago, ginis, f. 
Catiline, Catilina, ae, m. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



133 



cause, causa, ae, f. 

cavalry, equites, um, u, pi.) equi- 

tatus, us, M. 
centurion, centurio, onis, m. 
certain, certus, a, um ; a certain, 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam 

(quoddam). 
chain, vinculum, 1, n. 
chief, princeps, cipis, m. 
children, liberi, 5rum, m.//. 
choose, deligo, ere, legi, lectum. 
Cicero, Cicero, onis, m. 
citadel, arx, arcis, f. 
citizen, civis, is, m. 
city, urbs, urbis, F. 
clear, clarus, a, um. 
clear, be, pateo, ere, ul. 
close, claudo, ere, clausi, clausum. 
coast, ora, ae, F. 
cohort, cohors, hortis, F. 
column, agmen, minis, n. 
come, venio, ire, veni, ventum ; 

pervenio, ire, veni, ventum. 
come together, convenio, ire, veni, 

ventum. 
command, imperium, 1, n. 
command, impero, are, avT, atum ; 

place in command of, praeficio, 

ere, feci, fectum. 
commander, imperator, oris, m. 
commit, committd, ere, misi, mis- 
sum. 
common, communis, e. 
common people, plebs, plebis, f. 
commonwealth, res publica, rei 

publicae, F. 
companion, comes, itis, m. 
compel, cogo, ere, coegi, coactum. 
complain, queror, queri, quest us 

sum. 



concerning, de, prep, with abl. 
condemn, condemno, are, avi, 

atum. 
condition, condicio, onis, f. 
conference, colloquium, T, n. 
confidence in, have, confido, ere, 

fisus sum. 
confusion, throw into, perturbo, 

are, avi, atum. 
conqueror, victor, oris, m. 
consider, exTstimo, are, avi, atum. 
conspiracy, coniuratio, 5nis, F. 
consul, consul, ulis, m. 
contend, contends, ere, tendi, ten- 

tum. 
convey, perfero, ferre, tuli, latum. 
convict, condemno, are, avi, atum. 
Corinth, Corinthus, I, F. 
council, concilium, 1, n. 
country, terra, ae, F. ; (native) 

country, patria, ae, f. 
courage, animus, 1, m. 
cover, tego, ere, texl, tectum. 
Crassus, Crassus, i, m. 
crime, facinus, oris, N. 
cross, transeo, Ire, ii, itum. 
cruel, crudelis, e. 
custom, consuetudo, dinis, F.; mos, 

moris, m. 



daily, cotidie. 

danger, periculum, 1, n. 

dare, audeo, ere, ausus sum. 

daughter, fili^, ae, f. 

day, dies, ei, m. {or f.) ; three days, 

triduum, 1, N.; on the next day, 

postridie. 



dear, carus, a, um. 
death, mors, mortis, F. 



134 



LATIN LESSONS 



decree, consultum, i, n. 

decree, decernd, ere, crevi, cretum. 

deep, altus, a, um. 

defeat, supero, are, avi, atum; 
I vinco, ere, vici, victum. 

defend, defendo, ere,fendi,fensum. 

delay, mora, ae, f. 

delay, moror, ari, atus sum. 

deliver a speech, orationem habe5, 
ere, ui, itum. 

deliver up, trado, ere, didi, ditum. 

demand, postulo, are, avi, atum. 

depart, disced5, ere, cessi, cessum. 

departure, discessus, us, m. 

desert, desero, serere, serui, sertum. 

desire, studium, T, n. 

desire, cupio, ere, ivi, Itum; stude5, 
ere, ui. 

desirous, cupidus, a, um. 

despair of, despero, are, avT, atum. 

destroy, deleo, ere, evi, etum. 

detain, retineo, ere, ui, tentum. 

determine, constituo, ere, stitui, 
stitutum. 

die, morior, mori, mortuus sum. 

difficult, difficilis, e. 

difficulty, with, vix. 

diligence, diligentia, ae, f. 

diligently, diligenter. 

disaster, calamitas, atis, f. 

disclose, patefacio, ere, feci, fac- 
tum. 

discover, reperio, ire, repperi, re- 
pertum. 

discuss, ago, ere, egi, actum. 

disgraceful, turpis, e. 

dismiss, dimitto, ere, misT, missum. 

distance, spatium, i, n. ; at a dis- 
tance, procul. 

district, pagus, i, m. 



disturb, perturbo, are, avi, atum ; 

permove5, ere, movi, motum. 
ditch, fossa, ae, f. 
do, facio, ere, feci, factum; ago, 

ere, egi, actum. 
done, be, fi5, fieri, factus sum. 
doubt, dubito, are, avi, atum. 
draw up, Instruo, ere, struxl, struc- 

tum. 
drive, pello, ere, pepull, pulsum. 
dwell, incolo, ere, ul. 



each, quisque, quaeque, quidque 

(quodque). 
eager, acer, acris, acre; cupidus, 

a, um. 
early in the morning, mane 
easily, facile, 
easy, facilis, e. 
either ... or, aut . . . aut. 
elect, creo, are, avi, atum. 
embassy, legatio, onis, f. 
encamp, consldo, ere, sedi, sessum. 
encourage, cohortor, arl, atus sum. 
end, finis, is, m. 
end, finio. Ire, IvI, Itum. 
endure, perfero, ferre, tull, latum, 
enemy, hostis, is, m.; the enemy, 

hostes, ium, M.//. 
enemy {personal), inimlcus, i, M. 
enjoy, utor, uti, usus sum. 
enough (adv.), satis. 
enroll, conscrlbo, ere, scrlpsi, scrlp- 

tum. 
enter, ine5. Ire, il, itum. 
entreat, 6r5, are, avi, atum. 
equal, par, paris. 
escape, effugio, ere, fugl. 
especially, praesertim. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



135 



establish, conflrmo, are, avi, 

atum. 
even, etiam; not even, ne . . . 

quidem (New, § 322 /; Old, 

§ 151 & 
every, quisque, quaeque, quidque 

(quodque). 
excel, praesto, are, stiti, stitum. 
except, praeter, /r^/. witA ace, 
exile, exsilium, 1, n. 
explore, expldro, are, avi, atum. 
exposed, apertus, a, um. 
extend, pertineo, ere, ul. 
extreme, extremus, a, um. 



faith, fides, ei, f. 

faithful, fidelis, e. 

famous, clarus, a, um. 

far, longe; by far, longe, multo; 

far and wide, longe lateque; 

far off, procul. 
farther, ulterior, ius. 
farthest, extremus, a, um. 
father, pater, tris, m. 
favor, gratia, ae, F. 
favorable, aequus, a, um. 
fear, timor, oris, m. ; metus, us, M. 
fear, timeo, ere, ui; vereor, eri, 

itus sum. 
few, pauci, ae, a. 
field, ager, agri, m. 
fierce, ferox, ocis. 
fiercely, acriter. 
fifteen, qulndecim. 
fight, pugna, ae, F. 
fight, pugno, are, avi, atum ; di- 

mico, are, avi, atum. 
fill, compleo, ere, evT, etum. 
find, invenio, Tre, veni, ventum. 



find out, comperio, ire, peri, per- 

tum. 
finish, conficio, ere, feci, fectum. 
fire, incendium, 1, n. 
first, primus, a, um; at first, 

primo. 
five, quinque. 
flank, latus, eris, n. ; on the flank, 

ab latere. 
flee, fugio, ere, fugi, fugitum. 
fleet, classis, is, f. 
flight, fuga, ae, f. 
follow, sequor, sequi, secutus sum. 
foot, pes, pedis, M.; at the foot 

of, sub, prep, with abl, 
foot-soldier, pedes, itis, m. 
for, pro, prep, with abl. 
force, VIS, vis, f. 
forces, c5piae, arum, f. //. 
ford, vadum, 1, n. 
forest, silva, ae, f. 
forget, obliviscor,livisci, litus sum. 
form a plan, consilium ineo. 
former, prior, prius. 
fortification, munltio, onis, f. 
fortify, munio, ire, ivT (il), itum; 

communio, ire, ivi (ii), itum. 
fortune, fortuna, ae, f. 
forum, forum, i, n. 
found, condo, ere, didi, ditum. 
four, quattuor. 
free, liber, era, erum. 
free, libero, are, avi, atum. 
frequent, creber, bra, brum, 
friend, amicus, i, m. 
friendly, amicus, a, um. 
friendship, amicitia, ae, f. 
from, a, ab ; de ; e, ex ; prep, with 

abl. After verbs of hindering^ 

quominus. 



136 



LATIN LESSONS 



gain, consequor, sequi, secutus 

sum. 
Gallic, Gallicus, a, um. 
gate, porta, ae, F. 
Gaul, Gallia, ae, F. 
Gauls, GallT, drum, yi. pi. 
general, communis, e. 
genius, ingenium, i, n. 
Germans, German!, orum, m. //. 
Germany, Germania, ae, f. 
give, do, dare, dedi, datum. 
glory, gloria, ae, f. 
go, eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum. 
go forth, egredior, gredi, gressus 

sum. 
go out, exeo. Ire, ii, itum. 
god, deus, 1, M. 
goddess, dea, ae, f. 
good, bonus, a, um. 
gradually, paulatim. 
grain, frumentum, T, n. 
great, magnus, a, um ; ingens, 

entis. 
greatest, summus, a, um, sup. of 

superus ; maximus, a, um, siip. 

^magnus. 
greatness, magnitude, dinis, f. 
guard, custos, odis, m. ; praesidium, 

1, N. 

guard, servo, are, avi, atum. 



halt, consist5, ere, stiti. 
hand, manus, iis, f. 
happen, accido, ere, cidi. 
harass, vexo, are, avi, atum. 
harbor, portus, lis, m. 



hasten, contendo, ere, tendi, ten- 
tum. 

hatred, odium, T, n. 

have, habeo, ere, ui, itum. 

he, masc. of is, ea, id. 

hear, audi5, ire, ivl (ii), itum. 

Helvetian, Helvetius,a,um; Helve- 
tians, Helvetii, orum, m. //. 

her (own), suus, a, um. 

herself, se. 

hesitate, dubito, are, avi, atum. 

high, altus, a, um. 

higher, superior, ius ; altior, ius. 

highest, summus, a, um ; altissi- 
mus, a, um. 

hill, coUis, is, m. 

himself, se. 

hinder, impedia, ire, ivi (ii), itum. 

his (own), suus, a, um. 

hither, citerior, ius. 

hold, teneo, ere, ui. 

home, domus, Us, f. ; at home, 
domi. 

hope, spes, ei, F. 

hope, spero, are, avi, atum. 

horn, cornu, us, n. 

horse, equus, i, m. 

horseman, eques, itis, m. 

hostage, obses, idis, m. 

hour, hora, ae, f. 

house, domus, us, f. 

how great, quantus, a, um. 

huge, ingens, entis. 

hundred, one hundred, centum. 

hunger, fames, is, F. 

hurl, conicio, ere, ieci, iectum. 



I, ego, mei. 

if, SI ; if not, nisi. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



137 



immediately, statim. 

immortal, immortalis, e. 

in, in, prep, with abl. 

in behalf of, pro, prep, with abl. 

incite, incito, are, avi, atum. 

increase, augeo, ere, auxi, auctum. 

incredible, incredibilis, e. 

indeed, quidem. 

induce, adduce, ere, duxi, ductum. 

infantry, pedites, um, m. //. 

inflict, infero, ferre, tuli, illatum ; 

inflict punishment on, sumo 

supplicium de. 
influence, auctoritas, atis, f. ; 

gratia, ae, F. 
inform, certiorem facio, ere, feci, 

factum; be informed, certior 

fio, fieri, factus sum. 
inhabit, incolo, ere, ui. 
injury, iniuria, ae, f. 
inquire, quaero, ere, quaes! vi, 

quaesitum. 
interval, spatium, T, n. 
into, m,prep. with ace. 
Italy, Italia, ae, f. 
its (own), suus, a, um. 
itself, se. 

J 

javelin, pllum, 1, n. 

join, coniungo, ere,iunxi, iunctum; 

join battle, proelium committo, 

ere, misi, missum. 
journey, iter, itineris, n. 
judge, iudex, dicis, m. 
just, iustus, a, um. 



keep, contineo, ere, ui, tentum ; 

retine5, ere, ui, tentum. 
keep off, prohibeo, ere, ui, itum. 



kill, caeda, ere, cecTdi, caesum; 

interficio, ere, feci, f ectum ; neco, 

are, avT, atum. 
kind, modus, 1, m. 
kindness, beneficium, 1, n. 
king, rex, regis, m. 
kingdom, regnum, 1, n. 
know, intellego, ere, lexi, lectum; 

scio, ire, ivi, itum. 



Labienus, Labienus, 1, m. 

labor, labor, oris, m. 

lake, lacus, us, m. 

land, terra, ae, f. 

large, magnus, a, um. 

law, lex, legis, f.; iiis, iiiris, N. 

lay waste, vast5, are, avi, atum. 

lead, duco, ere, duxi, ductum. 

lead across, traduco, ere, duxi, 

ductum. 
lead out, educo, ere, duxT, ductum. 
leader, dux, ducis, m. 
leading man, prmceps, cipis, m. 
leap down, desilio, ire, ui, sultum. 
learn, cognosce, ere, novi, nitum. 
least, minime. 

leave, relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum. 
legion, legio, onis, f. 
less, minus, 
lest, ne. 

letter, litterae, arum, Y.pl. 
level, aequus, a, um. 
liberty, llbertas, atis, f. 
lieutenant, legatus, 1, m. 
life, vita, ae, f. 
like, similis, e. 
line of battle, acies, ei, f. 
little, a {adv.), paulum; paulo; 

by a little, paulo. 



138 

live, vivo, ere, vixi, victum. 
long, longus, a, um ; for a long 

time, diu. 
lose, amitta, ere, misi, missum. 
lower, inferior, ius. 
loyalty, fides, el, f. 

M 

made, be, fI5, fieri, factus sum. 
magistrate, magistratus, us, m. 
make, facio, ere, feci, factum ; 

make war on, bellum infero, 

ferre, tull, illatum. 
man, vir, virl, M.; homo, minis, M. 
manner, modus, i, m. 
many, multl, ae, a. 
march, iter, itineris, n. 
maritime, maritimus, a, um. 
master, dominus, I, m. 
matter, res, rel, f. 
may, licet, ere, uit. 
meanwhile, interim. 
memory, memoria, ae, F. 
mention, commemoro, are, avi, 

atum. 
messenger, nuntius, I, m. 
middle, middle of, medius, a, um. 
mile, mllle passus ; //. milia pas- 

suum. 
mind, animus, i, m. 
Minerva, Minerva, ae, F. 
money, pecunia, ae, F. 
more {adv.), magis, amplius. 
mound, agger, eris, m. 
mountain, m5ns, montis, m. 
move, moved, ere, movl, mo- 

tum. 
much, multus, a, um. 
much (adv.)y multum, multo. 



LATIN LESSONS 



multitude, multitude, dinis, F. 
my, meus, a, um. 

N 

name, nomen, minis, n. 
narrow, angustus, a, um. 
narrow pass, angustiae, arum, 

F.//. 

nature, natura, ae, f. 
near, prope, prej>. with ace. 
nearer, propior, ius. 
necessary, it is, oportet, ere, uit. 
neighboring, finitimus, a, um. 
neither . . . nor, neque (nee) . . . 

neque (nee). 
Nervii, Nervil, orum, M. //. 
never, numquam. 
nevertheless, tamen. 
new, novus, a, um. 
next day, on the, postrldie. 
night, nox, noctis, f.; by night, 

noctu. 
night {adj^, nocturnus, a, um. 
no, none, nullus, a, um. 
no one, nemo, (neminis), M. 
noble, nobilis, e. 
noon, merldies, el, M. 
nor, neque (nee). 
not, non ; ne ; not at all, nihil, 
nothing, nihil, n., indecl. 
now, nunc. 

number, numerus, i, m. 
numerous, creber, braj^ brum. 



obtain, obtineo, ere, ul, tentum ; 

obtain {by request), impetro, are, 

avI, atum. 
occupy, occup5, are, avI, atum. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



139 



ocean, Oceanus, T, m. 

often, saepe. 

old, vetus, veteris. 

on, m.^ prep, with abl. 

one, unus, a, um ; the one . . . the 

other, alter . . . alter. 
only, solus, a, um. 
only {adv.), solum; not only . . . 

but also, n5n solum . . . sed 

etiam. 
open, apertus, a, um. 
open, aperio, Ire, ui, pertum ; pate- 

facio, ere, fed, factum ; be open, 

pateo, ere, ui. 
Opinion, opinio, onis, f. ; sententia, 

ae, F. 
opportunity, facukas, atis, F. 
or, aut. 

order, ordo, dinis, m. 
order, iubeo, ere, iussT, iussum. 
other, alius, a, ud ; the other, 

alter, era, erum ; ceteri, ae, a ; 

the one . . . the other, alter . . . 

alter. 
ought, debeo, ere, ui, itum ; opor- 

tet, ere, uit. 
our, noster, tra, trum. 
out of, e, ex, prep, with abl. 
outer, exterior, ius. 
overcome, vinco, ere, vTci, victum. 
overhang, impendeo, ere. 
overtake, consequor, sequT, seciitus 

sum. 
overwhelm, premo, ere, press!, 

pressum. 



pace, passus, us, m. 
pacify, paco, are, avi, atum. 
part, pars, partis, f. 



pass, narrow, angustiae, arum, 

Y.pl. 

pass the winter, hiemo, are, avi, 

atum. 
peace, pax, pacis, f. 
people, populus, 1, M. 
perceive, sentio. Ire, sensT, sensum. 
perform, gero, ere, gessi, gestum. 
permitted, it is, licet, ere, uit. 
persuade, persuadeo, ere, suasT, 

suasum. 
pitch a camp, castra pono, ere, 

posui, positum. 
place, locus, 1, m. ; //. loca, orum, N. 
place, pono, ere, posui, positum ; 

constituo, ere, stitui, stitutum ; 

place in command of, praeficia, 

ere, feci, fectum. 
plan, consilium, I, n. 
please, placeo, ere, ul, itum. 
plenty, copia, ae, f. 
plot, insidiae, arum, Y. pi. 
plunder, praeda, ae, f. 
plunder, dlripi5, ere, ul, reptum ; 

praedor, arl, atus sum (i7ttra7ts .) . 
Pompey, Pompeius, I, m. 
power, imperium, I, n. ; potestas, 

atis, F. 
powerful, potens, entis. 
praetor, praetor, 5ris, m. 
praise, laud5, are, avi, atum. 
prefer, malo, malle, malul. 
prepare, paro, are, avi, atum ; com- 
pare, are, avi, atum. 
present, be, adsum, esse, ful, fu- 

turus. 
press hard, premo, ere, pressi, 

pressum. 
prevent, prohibeo, ere, ul, itum. 
private, privatus, a, um. 



I40 



LATIN LESSONS 



procure, compar5, are, avT, atum. 
promise, polliceor, eri, itus sum. 
proper, it is, oportet, ere, uit. 
protect, serv5, are, avi, atum ; 

tego, ere, texi, tectum, 
protection, praesidium, i, n. 
provided that, dummodo. 
province, provincia, ae, f. 
public, piiblicus, a, um. 
punishment, poena, ae, f.; suppli- 

cium, 1, N. 



queen, regina, ae, f. 
quickly, celeriter. 



rampart, vallum, i, n. 

rank, 5rd6, dinis, M. 

ravage, vexo, are, avi, atum. 

ready, paratus, a, um. 

rear, novissimum agmen, n. 

receive, accipi5, ere, cepi, ceptum ; 
recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum. 

recent, recens, entis. 

recover, recipi5, ere, cepi, ceptum. 

region, regio, onis, f. 

reign, regn5, are, avi, atum. 

reinforcement, subsidium, i, n. 

remain, maned, ere, mansi, man- 
sum. 

remaining, reliquus, a, um. 

remarkable, egregius, a, um. 

remember, memini, isse. 

repent, paenitet, ere, paenituit ; 
I repent, me paenitet. 

reply, respondeo, ere, spondi, 
sponsum. 

report, fama, ae, f. 



report, niintio, are, avi, atum. 
reputation, opinio, onis, f. 
rescue, eripio, ere, ui, reptum. 
resist, resisto, ere, stiti. 
rest, the, ceterl, ae, a; reliqui, 

orum, M. //. 
restrain, contineo, ere, ui, tentum. 
retreat, recipio, ere, cepT, ceptum, 

used with reflexive. 
return, redeo, ire, ii, itum ; rever- 

tor, reverti, (reverti, /^r/". act), 
revolt, motus, us, M. 
reward, praemium, i, n. 
Rhine, Rhenus, i, m. 
Rhone, Rhodanus, i, M. 
right, ius, iuris, n. 
right (acfy\), dexter, tra, trum. 
river, fliimen, minis, n. 
road, iter, itineris, N. ; via, ae, F. 
Roman, Roman us, a,um; Romans, 

Romani, orum, M. //. 
Rome, Roma, ae, f. 
Romulus, Romulus, i, m. 
rout, pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum. 
royal power, regnum, i, n. 
rule, rego, ere, rexi, rectum. 



safe, incolumis, e. 

safety, salus, utis, f. 

sail, navigo, are, avi, atum. 

sailor, nauta, ae, m. 

sake, for the, causa (New, § 404 c ; 

Old, § 245 c). 
same, idem, eadem, idem, 
savage, ferus, a, um. 
say, dic5, ere, dixi, dictum; inquam. 
scarcely, vix. 
scout, explorator, oris, M. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



141 



sea, mare, is, n. 

sea-coast, ora maritima, f. 

second, secundus, a, um. 

see, video, ere, vidi, visum; c5n- 

spicio, ere, spexT, spectum. 
seek, pet5, ere, ivi (ii), itum. 
seem, videor, eri, visus sum. 
seize, occupo, are, avT, atum. 
self, ipse, ipsa, ipsum. 
sell, vend5, ere, didi, ditum. 
senate, senatus, us, m. 
send, mitto, ere, misT, missum ; 

dimitto, ere, misi, missum. 
Sequanians, SequanT, orum, m. //. 
serious, gravis, e. 
set out, proficiscor, ficisci, fectus 

sum. 
severe, gravis, e. 
severely, graviter. 
sharp, acer, acris, acre. 
she,/^;;2. of is, ea, id. 
shield, scutum, 1, n. 
ship, navis, is, F. 
short, brevis, e. 
show, demonstro, are, avi, atum; 

ostendo, ere, tendi, tentum. 
side, latus, eris, n. ; from all sides, 

on all sides, undique. 
sight, conspectus, us, M. 
signal, signum, T, n. 
• since, cum ; quoniam. 
size, magnitudo, dinis, F. 
skilled, perltus, a, um. 
slaughter, caedes, is, f. 
slave, servus, 1, m. 
slavery, servitus, utis, f. 
small, parvus, a, um. 
so, ita ; tam ; so great, so much, 

tantus, a, um; so many, tot, 

indecl. 



soldier, miles, itis, M. 

some, nonnullus, a, um ; aliquT, 

qua, quod ; some one, some- 
thing, aliquis, aliquid; some . . . 

others, alii . . . alii, 
son, filius, i, M. 
Spain, Hispania, ae, f. 
spare, parco, ere, peperci, parsum. 
spear, telum, 1, n. 
speech, 6rati5, onis, F. 
speed, celeritas, atis, f. 
standard, signum, I, n. 
state, civitas, atis, F.; res publica, f. 
station, colloco, are, avI, atum. 
storm, tempestas, atis, f. ; take 

by storm, expugno, are, avi, 

atum. 
strength, vires, ium, f. //. {of 

vis). 
strengthen, conflrmo, are, avI, 

atum. 
strong, firmus, a, um. 
subdue, paco, are, avI, atum. 
sudden, repentlnus, a, um. 
suddenly, subito. 
suffer, patior, pati, passus sum. 
suitable, idoneus, a, um. 
Sulla, Sulla, ae, m. 
summer, aestas, atis, f. 
supplies, commeatus, us, M. 
surrender, deditio, onis, f. 
surrtnder, dedo, ere, dedidi, dedi- 

tum. 
surround, circumvenio, Ire, veni, 

ventum ; cingo, ere, cinxl, clnc- 

tum. 
sustain, sustineo, ere, ul, tentum. 
swamp, palus, udis, f. 
swift, celer, eris, ere. 
sword, gladius, 1, m. ; ferrum, I, N. 



142 



LATIN LESSONS 



take, capio, ere, cepi, captum ; 

sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum. 
take a position, consist6,.ere, stiti. 
take away, eripio, ere, ui, reptum. 
take by storm, expugnd, are, avi, 

atum. 
temple, templum, i, n. 
ten, decem. 
tenth, decimus, a, um. 
terms, condicio, onis, f. 
terrify, perterreo, ere, ui, itum. 
territory, fines, ium, m. //. 
test, experior, iri, pertus sum. 
than, quam. 

that, is, ea, id; ille, ilia, illud. 
that (re/.), qui, quae, quod. 
that (eonj.), ut ; quin ; that, in 

order that, ut; quo; that, so 

that, ut ; that, the fact that, 

quod; that not, quominus; ne. 
their (own), suus, a, um. 
themselves, se. 
then, turn, 
thence, inde. 
there {adv.), ibi. 
therefore, itaque. 
they, //. of is, ea, id. 
thing, res, rei, F. 
think, existim5, are, avi, atum ; 

puto, are, avT, atum ; arbitror, 

ari, atus sum. 
third, tertius, a, um. 
this, hic, haec, hoc. 
thither, eo. 
though, cum. 
thousand, mllle; //. milia, ium, n. 

(New, § 134 « ; Old, § 94 e). 
threaten, impendeo, ere. 



three, tres, tria. 
three days, trlduum, 1, n. 
through, per, prep, with ace. 
throw, iaci5, ere, ieci, iactum ; con- 

icio, ere, ieci, iectum ; throw 

into confusion, perturbo, are, 

avi, atum. 
time, tempus, oris, n. ; for a long 

time, diu; at the same time, 

simul. 
to, ad, prep, with ace. 
town, oppidum, 1, n. 
trader, mercator, oris, M. 
tribe, gens, gentis, f. 
tribune, tribunus, 1, m. 
trust, confido, ere, fisus sum. 
try, Conor, ari, atus sum ; experior, 

iri, pertus sum. 
tumult, tumultus, us, m;. 
two, duo, duae, duo. 

U 

under, sub, p7'ep. with ace. and abl, 
(New, %22o c\ Old, § 152 c). 

understand, intellego, ere, lexi, 
Iectum. 

undertake, suscipi5, ere, cepi, cep- 
tum. 

unexpected, repentlnus, a, um. 

unfavorable, inlquus, a, um. 

unfriendly, inimicus, a, um. 

unharmed, incolumis, e. 

unless, nisi. 

until, dum. 

unwilling, invitus, a, um. 

unwilling, be, nolo, nolle, noluu 

uproar, tumultus, us, m. 

urge on, incito, are, avi, atum. 

use, utor, utT, usus sum. 

useful, iitilis, e. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



143 



valor, virtus, utis, f. 
very, expressed by sup. degree. 
victory, victoria, ae, f. 
vigorous, acer, acris, acre, 
vigorously, acriter. 
village, vicus, I, m. 
violence, vis, vis, f. 
virtue, virtus, utis, f. 

W 

wage war, bellum ger5, ere, gessT, 

gestum. 
wait, exspect5, are, avi, atum. 
wall, murus, I, M. ; walls {of a city), 

moenia, ium, N.//. 
want, inopia, ae, f. 
wanting, be, desum, esse, ful, fu- 

turus. 
war, bellum, 1, n. 
watch, vigilia, ae, f. 
water, aqua, ae, f. 
way of approach, aditus, us, m. 
weapon, telum, 1, n. 
what? quid. 
when, cum ; ubi. 
where, ubi. 

which, qui, quae, quod, 
which? what? (adj), qui, quae, 

quod, 
while, dum. 

who ? what ? quis, quid. 
who, which, qui, quae, quod, 
whole, totus, a, um. 
why? cur; quid, 
wicked, malus, a, um. 



wide, latus, a, um. 

widely, late. 

wife, uxor, 5ris, f. 

wild, ferus, a, um. 

willing, be, volo, velle, volui. 

wing (of an army), cornu, us, N. 

winter, hiems, hiemis, F. ; pass the 

winter, hiemo, are, avT, atum. 
winter quarters, hlberna, orum, 

N.//. 

wise, sapiens, entis. 

wish, volo, velle, volui. 

with, cum, prep, with abl. ; apud, 

prep, with ace. 
withdraw, deduco, ere, duxi, duc- 

tum. 
without, sine, prep, with abl. 
work, opus, eris, n. 
world, orbis terrarum, F. 
worthy, dignus, a, um. 
would that ! utinam. 
wound, vulnus, eris, N. 
wound, vulnero, are, avi, atum. 
wretched, miser, era, erum. 
write, scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptum. 
wrong, iniuria, ae, f. 



year, annus, i, m. 

yet, tamen ; not yet, nondum. 

you, tii, tui ; pi. vos, vestrum or 

vestri. 
your, tuus, a, um; vester, tra,trum. 



zeal, studium, 1, N. 



OCT 1 1906 



